scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphisms of Appendicular Musculoskeletal Morphology Related to Social Display in Cuban Anolis Lizards

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Anzai ◽  
Antonio Cádiz ◽  
Hideki Endo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Social Display

Steroid hormones and CNS sexual dimorphisms modulate symptom expression in tourette's syndrome

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
B PETERSON ◽  
J LECKMAN ◽  
L SCAHILL ◽  
F NAFTOLIN ◽  
D KEEFE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Tourette's Syndrome ◽  
Tourette’S Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms

scholarly journals Intrasplenic Transplantation of Isolated Adult Rat Hepatocytes

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meena R. Sharma ◽  
Wojciech Dworakowski ◽  
Bernard H. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Male Specific

Adult male and female rat hepatocytes were individually transplanted into the spleens of adult male and female rats. The recipients were euthanized at either eight, sixteen, thirty, or forty-five weeks following transplantation, at which time hepatic and splenic levels of liver-specific rat albumin mRNA as well as sex-dependent transcript levels of CYP2C11, -2C12, -2C7, -2A1, and -3A2—which accounts for > 60% of the total concentration of hepatic constituent cytochrome P450—were determined. Whereas the pre-infused hepatocytes expressed their expected cytochrome P450 sexual dimorphisms (female-specific CYP2C12, male-specific CYP3A2, and female-predominant CYP2A1), their post-transplantational competence now reflected the sexual dimorphisms of the recipient (as observed in the host’s liver), which supports the concept that the sex-dependent growth hormone circulating profiles are the determinants regulating the expression levels of hepatic cytochrome P450. Also expressed at normal concentrations in the pre-infused hepatocytes, male-specific CYP2C11 and female-predominant CYP2C7 were inexplicably undetectable in the spleens of both recipient males and females, regardless of the sex of the donor hepatocytes, almost one year after transplantation.

scholarly journals Progesterone Alters Kynurenine Pathway Activation in IFN-γ-Activated Macrophages – Relevance for Neuroinflammatory Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. IJTR.S40332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. de Bie ◽  
C. K. Lim ◽  
G. J. Guillemin
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Potent Inducer ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Shed Light

We have previously demonstrated that the kynurenine pathway (KP), the major biochemical pathway for tryptophan metabolism, is dysregulated in many inflammatory disorders that are often associated with sexual dimorphisms. We aimed to identify a potential functional interaction between the KP and gonadal hormones. We have treated primary human macrophages with progesterone in the presence and absence of inflammatory cytokine interferongamma (interferon-γ) that is known to be a potent inducer of regulating the KP enzyme. We found that progesterone attenuates interferon-γ-induced KP activity, decreases the levels of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid, and increases the neuroprotective kynurenic acid levels. We also showed that progesterone was able to reduce the inflammatory marker neopterin. These results may shed light on the gender disparity in response to inflammation.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphisms in adult human neural, mesoderm‐derived, and neural crest‐derived stem cells

FEBS Letters ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 593 (23) ◽  
pp. 3338-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes F.W. Greiner ◽  
Madlen Merten ◽  
Christian Kaltschmidt ◽  
Barbara Kaltschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Adult Human

scholarly journals Human Sex Matters: Y-linked lysine demethylase 5D drives accelerated male osteogenic differentiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madlen Merten ◽  
Johannes F.W. Greiner ◽  
Tarek Niemann ◽  
Meike Grosse Venhaus ◽  
Daniel Kronenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osteogenic Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Calvarial Bone ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Elevated Expression ◽  
Lysine Demethylase

Female sex is increasingly associated to a loss of bone mass during aging and an increased risk for fractures developing nonunion. Hormonal factors and cell-intrinsic mechanisms are suggested to drive these sexual dimorphisms, although underlying molecular mechanisms are still a matter of debate. Here, we observed a decreased capacity of calvarial bone recovery in female rats and a profound sexually dimorphic osteogenic differentiation human adult neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs). Next to an elevated expression of pro-osteogenic regulators, global trancriptomics revealed Lysine Demethylase 5D (KDM5D) to be highly upregulated in differentiating male NCSCs. Loss of function by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of KDM5D significantly reduced the osteogenic differentiation capacity of male NCSCs. In summary, we demonstrate craniofacial osteogenic differentiation to be sexually dimorphic with the expression of KDM5D as a prerequisite for accelerated male osteogenic differentiation, emphasizing the analysis of sex-specific differences as a crucial parameter for treating bone defects.

scholarly journals Performance, but not size, of hindleg weaponry is sexually dimorphic in the giant mesquite bug (Thasus neocalifornicus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zackary A. Graham ◽  
Nicole Kaiser ◽  
Alexandre V. Palaoro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Aggressive Interaction ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms

ABSTRACTIn many species, males possess specialized weaponry that have evolved to confer a benefit during aggressive interactions. Because male weaponry is typically an exaggerated or extreme version of pre-existing body parts, females often possess reduced or weaponry. Although much research has investigated sexual dimorphism in the sizes of such weapons, other weapon components, such as weapon performance or alternative weapon forms can also explain the evolution of weapon sexual dimorphisms. Here, we investigated the allometry and variation of multiple weapon components of hindleg weaponry in the male and female giant mesquite bugs, Thasus necalifornicus. Despite theory predicating greater allocation in male weaponry, we found that females allocated more into the lengths of their hindlegs compared to males. Despite this allocation, males possess relatively wider hindlegs, which likely increase area of muscle mass. Indeed, the squeezing performance of male hindlegs was much greater than that of female hindlegs. Lastly, we also described the allometry and variation in a male weapon component, prominent tibial spines, which likely are used to damage competitors during aggressive interaction. Overall, our findings highlight the intricacies of weapon sexual dimorphism and demonstrate the importance of measuring multiple weapon components and not a single measure.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism in prostacyclin-mimetic responses of rat mesenteric and coronary arteries.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Baldwin ◽  
Elizabeth Forrester ◽  
Lauren McEwan ◽  
Iain Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Dimorphisms ◽  
Kv7 Channels ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Ip Receptor ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Arterial Tone

Background and purpose- Prostacyclin mimetics are widely used clinically. As such it is pertinent to understand the mechanisms underlying the vasoactive response to such agents, yet to date, no study has considered sex as a factor. The aim of this study was to characterise the effect of prostacyclin mimetics, Iloprost and MRE-269, on precontracted arterial tone from male and female Wistar arteries. As a secondary consideration, we investigated Kcnq-encoded KV7 channels as potential downstream targets of prostacyclin-IP-receptor mediated signalling. Experimental approach- Relative mRNA transcript and protein abundance were determined by RT-qPCR and immunocytochemistry respectively. The effect of Iloprost and MRE-269 was determined on pre-contracted arterial tone in the presence of pharmacological modulators of potassium channels and molecular interreference of KV7.1 within 2nd order mesenteric and left anterior descending arteries from male and female Wistar rats. Key results- Iloprost evoked a bi-phasic response in male mesenteric arteries, at low concentrations relaxing, then contracting the vessel at high concentration in a process attributed to IP and EP3 receptors respectively. Secondary contraction was absent in the females, potentially underpinned by a reduction in Ptger3. Pharmacological inhibition and molecular interference of KV7.1 significantly attenuated MRE-269 mediated relaxation in male and female Wistar in Diestrus / Metoestrous, but not Pro-oestrus / Oestrus. Conclusions and implications- Stark sexual dimorphisms in Iloprost mediated vasoactive responses are present within mesenteric arteries. KV7.1 is implicated in IP-receptor mediated vasorelaxation and is impaired by the Oestrus cycle.

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