scholarly journals Changes in the structure of Armenia’s labour resources between 1993 and 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Krystyna Gomółka ◽  
◽  
Karol Flisikowski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Structure Population ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Per Capita

The article characterises the structure of Armenia’s labour resources in the period between1993 and 2020. It aims to assess the changes on the Armenian labour market by means of a deductive analysis of historical data and observation of changes in the structure of resources based on generally available macroeconomic data. The authors evaluate these processes against the background of demographic and economic changes, by presenting and describing statistical data. Variables such as data on the economic situation of the country (income capita, inflation rate and unemployment), demographic data (employment structure, population structure, migration) are used for the analysis. The analysis demonstrates that the COVID-19 pandemic and the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict led to an economic downturn in Armenia, with GDP per capita falling, and inflation rising. A more rapid decrease in employment could be observed in 2020, manifesting itself in a declining number of employees, self-employed and entrepreneurs. A much more significant drop in employment was observed in urban areas than in the countryside, although the total number of agricultural workers in Armenia decreased compared to the 1990s. The governmental measures and programmes aimed at protecting jobs and businesses and mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic proved to be insufficient. In 2020, fewer citizens emigrated from Armenia as a result of the state of the emergency maintained from March to June 2020 and the closing of state borders.

scholarly journals Decomposition of Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Typical East Chinese Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Ruogu Huang ◽  
Xiangyang Li ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yaohao Tang ◽  
Jianyi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Diet Shift ◽  
City Development ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Per Capita

Water scarcity has put pressure on city development in China. With a particular focus on urban and rural effects, logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition (LMDI) was used to analyze the water footprint per capita (WFP) of food consumption in five East China cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, and Xiamen) from 2008 to 2018. Results show that the WFP of food consumption exhibited an upward tendency among all cities during the research period. Food consumption structure contributed the most to the WFP growth, mainly due to urban and rural residents’ diet shift toward a livestock-rich style. Except in Beijing, the food consumption level mainly inhibited the WFP growth due to the decrease in food consumption level per capita in urban areas. Urbanization had less influence on WFP growth for two megacities (Beijing and Shanghai) due to the strictly controlled urban population inflow policy and more positive effects for other cities. The water footprint intensity effect among cities was mainly due to uneven water-saving efficiency. Meanwhile, Beijing and Tianjin have achieved advancement in water utilization efficiency.

scholarly journals A hospital-based study on clinical data, demographic data and visual function of keratoconus patients in Central China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaili Yang ◽  
Liyan Xu ◽  
Qi Fan ◽  
Yuwei Gu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Central China ◽  
The Mean

AbstractChina is a populous country but lacks epidemiological data on keratoconus (KC). The present study aimed to investigate the clinical data, demographic data, and visual function (VF) data of KC patients in Central China. A total of 524 KC eyes in 307 KC patients (217 bilateral and 90 unilateral) from Henan Eye Hospital were included in the current study. Demographic and VF data were assessed with questionnaires administered by well-trained staff during face-to-face interviews. Visual acuity value was examined by a qualified optometrist, and the clinical data were measured by professional clinicians. The distributions of sex, residence and education level of KC patients were compared by Chi-square tests, and the ratios of people wearing glasses and rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses were compared by McNemar tests. General linear models/Chi-squared tests were used to compare the clinical and demographic data according to KC severity. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to test the associations between the data and KC severity. The mean age at diagnosis was 20.98 ± 6.06 years, and males had a higher ratio of KC than females (P < 0.001). Patients in rural areas had a higher rate of KC than those in urban areas (P = 0.039), and the proportion of KC patients with a higher education level (above high school) was high (P < 0.001). A total of 68.40% of the patients reported eye rubbing and 3.52% had a positive family history. The percentage of people wearing glasses was higher than that of patients wearing RGP lenses (P < 0.001). The total VF score of KC patients was 69.35 ± 15.25. The thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) and stiffness parameter at the first applanation (SP-A1) values were inversely correlated with KC severity (P < 0.05). The mean, steep, and max keratometry (Km, Ks and Kmax) values, the RGP lens use and keratoplasty were positively correlated with KC severity (all P < 0.05). The total VF score of the eye with better VA decreased as the severity increased (r = − 0.21, P = 0.002). The present study comprehensively describes various associated features of KC patients from a tertiary hospital in Central China, providing a reference for understanding the characteristics of KC patients in China.

How left behind are rural parents of migrant children? Evidence from Thailand

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN KNODEL ◽  
JIRAPORN KESPICHAYAWATTANA ◽  
CHANPEN SAENGTIENCHAI ◽  
SUVINEE WIWATWANICH
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Economic Changes

ABSTRACTThe consequences of adult children's migration from rural areas for older parents who remain behind are keenly debated. While the mass media and international advocacy organisations favour an ‘alarmist’ view of desertion, the academic literature makes more sanguine assessments using the ‘household strategy’ and ‘modified extended family’ perspectives. We examine the relationship between the migration of adult children and various dimensions of older parents' wellbeing in Thailand using evidence from a survey that focused on the issues. The results provide little support for the alarmist view, but instead suggest that parents and adult children adapt to the social and economic changes associated with development in ways not necessarily detrimental to intergenerational relations. The migration of children, especially to urban areas, often benefits parents' material support while the recent spread of cell phones has radically increased their ability to maintain social contact. Nevertheless, changing living arrangements through increased migration and the smaller family sizes of the youngest age groups of older people pose serious challenges for aspects of filial support, especially at advanced ages when chronic illness and frailty require long-term personal care. Dealing with this emerging situation in a context of social, economic and technological change is among the most critical issues facing those concerned with the implications of rapid population ageing in Thailand and elsewhere.

Suburbanizing Segregation? Changes in Racial/Ethnic Diversity and the Geographic Distribution of Metropolitan School Segregation, 2002–2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kori J. Stroub ◽  
Meredith P. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Racial Balance

Background While postwar suburban migration established suburbs as relatively affluent, homogeneous white enclaves distinct from the urban core, recent waves of suburbanization and exurbanization have been spurred largely by rapid growth in the nonwhite population. While these increases in suburban racial/ethnic diversity represent a significant evolution of the traditional “chocolate city, vanilla suburbs” dichotomy, scholars have expressed concern that they are worsening racial/ethnic segregation among suburban public school students. Objective In this study, we document shifts in the racial imbalance of suburban schools in terms of several racial/ethnic and geographic dimensions (i.e., multiracial, black–white; between and within suburban districts, among localities). In addition, we extend the urban/suburban dichotomy to provide initial evidence on changes in racial balance in metropolitan exurbs. Finally, we use inferential models to directly examine the impact of changes in racial/ethnic diversity on shifts in racial imbalance. Research Design Using demographic data from the National Center of Education Statistics Common Core of Data on 209 U.S. metropolitan areas, we provide a descriptive analysis of changes in segregation within and between urban, suburban, and exurban localities from 2002 to 2012. We measure segregation using Theil's entropy index, which quantifies racial balance across geographic units. We assess the relationship between demographic change and change in segregation via a series of longitudinal fixed-effects models. Results Longitudinal analyses indicate that increases in racial/ethnic diversity are positively related to change in racial imbalance. However, observed increases in diversity were generally insufficient to produce meaningful increases in segregation. As a result, suburbs and exurbs, like urban areas, experienced little change in segregation, although trends were generally in a negative direction and more localities experienced meaningful declines in segregation than meaningful increases. Findings are less encouraging for suburbs and exurbs than for urban areas and underscore the intractability of black-white racial imbalance and the emerging spatial imbalance of Asians and whites. We also document an important shift in the geographic distribution of segregation, with suburbs now accounting for a plurality of metropolitan segregation. Conclusions Contrary to previous researchers, we do not find evidence that suburban and exurban schools are resegregating, although we fail to document meaningful progress towards racial equity. Moreover, while suburbs are not necessarily resegregating, we find that segregation is suburbanizing, and now accounts for the largest share of segregation of any locality. We conclude with a discussion of recommendations for policy and research.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH SOSIAL EKONOMI TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI SUMATERA BARAT (STUDI KASUS DAERAH PERKOTAAN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Nesyana Dewi ◽  
Melti Roza Adry
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Section Data ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Section Data ◽  
Per Capita

This study aims to determine the effect of education, income per capita, age and knowledge on waste management in urban areas West Sumatera. This study uses secondary data in the form of cross section data of urban West Sumatera. Data obtained from BPS- Susenas West Sumatera. This study uses logistic regression analysis. The result of this study indicate that (1) education has not significant effect on waste management in urban areas West Sumatera (2) income per capita has not significant effect on waste management  in urban areas West Sumatera (3) age has not significant effect on waste management in urban areas West Sumatera (4) knowledge has a significant effect on waste management in urban areas West Sumatera

scholarly journals A Supply Chain Vulnerability Map for the Automotive and Electronic Industries in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio F. Blos ◽  
Hui-Ming Wee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Vulnerability Map ◽  
Hazard Vulnerability

This paper aims to explore various perspectives of the Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) as they relate to the automotive and electronic industries in Brazil based on the historical data from 2010 to 2016. The methodological approach was based on the Supply Chain Vulnerability Map (SCVM). The SCVM was tested in its totaliness and two more riskswere added to the hazard vulnerability category to form the SCVM II. The exploratory surveys were used to better understand the impacts on the automotive and electronic industries in Brazil during the study period. An interesting finding was that most of the major automotive and electronic industries are concerned with integrating risk management, governance and compliance in the supply chain. The findings of the empiricalinvestigation and SCRM historical data indicate that managers must integrate risk management, governance and compliance in the supply chain and use the proposed SCVM II. This research revealed the risks that surrounded the supply chain during the time period covered. In the study, the researchers added two more risks to the hazard vulnerability category: item 10, deficient rainfall (as seen in Manaus and São Paulo) and number 13, viral epidemics (to reflect the Zika virus around Brazil), it was named as SCVMII. Among the limitations of the research was that the study applied real data which might vary drastically due to economic downturn of the country. This might affect the performance of the investigated industries.

scholarly journals AID AND GROWTH IN BANGLADESH: A REASSESSMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 422-440
Author(s):  
Sharif Hossain ◽  
Rajarshi Mitra ◽  
Thasinul Abedin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita

Although the amount of foreign aid received by Bangladesh as a share of GDP has declined over the years, Bangladesh remains one of the heavily aiddependent countries in Asia. The results of most empirical studies that have examined the effectiveness of foreign aid or other forms of development assistance for economic growth have varied considerably depending on the econometric methodology used and the period of study. As the debate and controversy over aid-effectiveness for economic growth continue to grow, this paper reinvestigates the short-run and long-run effects of foreign aid received on percapita real income of Bangladesh over the period 1972–2015. A vector error correction model is estimated. The results indicate lack of any significant short-run and long-run relation between foreign aid and per-capita real income. Results further indicate short-run unidirectional causalities from per-capita real GDP to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), from government expenditure (in proportion to GDP) to inflation rate, from inflation rate to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), and from domestic investment to foreign aid (as percentages of GDP). Short-run bidirectional causality is observed between per-capita electricity consumption and per-capita real GDP, and between per-capita real GDP and government expenditure (in proportion to GDP).

scholarly journals Planning, Analysis and Design of Advanced Township at Thodupuzha in Kerala

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1170-1188
Author(s):  
Crisbin Joseph Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
The People ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Proper Disposal

Abstract: Due to the rise in population and increase in urbanisation levels in our country, most of the settlements are in urban areas. As the cities that already existing are heavily populated along with a great deal of limitations in the infrastructure, emergence of an advanced township away from the vicinity of these overpopulated urban areas offer safer and better accommodation for the people. The planning and layout of the project is shown using autoCAD and for the structural analysis we use STADD Pro V.18i. Demographic analysis is done among specific clientele. Development of roof top rainwater harvesting(sump)has been carried out in order to provide source of water for the whole population of the township. Use of intze tank which is a circular overhead tank to meet the daily water requirement of the population inside the township.For the proper disposal and processing of the waste generated, almost 30 acres of land is being used to hold the per capita waste generated which managed after calculating factors like total waste generated, estimated landfill, total area required for land etc. The salient features a major advantages of this township is discussed in detail. Keywords: IS - Indian Standard BM - Bending Moment BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards cm - CentiMeters mm - MilliMeters m - Meter C - Celsius

scholarly journals Customer Churn in Retail E-Commerce Business: Spatial and Machine Learning Approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-198
Author(s):  
Kamil Matuszelański ◽  
Katarzyna Kopczewska
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Customer Churn ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting

This study is a comprehensive and modern approach to predict customer churn in the example of an e-commerce retail store operating in Brazil. Our approach consists of three stages in which we combine and use three different datasets: numerical data on orders, textual after-purchase reviews and socio-geo-demographic data from the census. At the pre-processing stage, we find topics from text reviews using Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Dirichlet Multinomial Mixture and Gibbs sampling. In the spatial analysis, we apply DBSCAN to get rural/urban locations and analyse neighbourhoods of customers located with zip codes. At the modelling stage, we apply machine learning extreme gradient boosting and logistic regression. The quality of models is verified with area-under-curve and lift metrics. Explainable artificial intelligence represented with a permutation-based variable importance and a partial dependence profile help to discover the determinants of churn. We show that customers’ propensity to churn depends on: (i) payment value for the first order, number of items bought and shipping cost; (ii) categories of the products bought; (iii) demographic environment of the customer; and (iv) customer location. At the same time, customers’ propensity to churn is not influenced by: (i) population density in the customer’s area and division into rural and urban areas; (ii) quantitative review of the first purchase; and (iii) qualitative review summarised as a topic.

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