Size Effect on Call Properties of Japanese Tree Frogs Revealed by Audio-Processing Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikkyu Aihara ◽  
◽  
Ryu Takeda ◽  
Takeshi Mizumoto ◽  
Takuma Otsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Site ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Calling Behavior ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Audio Processing ◽  
Core Function ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Call Number ◽  
Positive Effect

[abstFig src='/00290001/23.jpg' width='300' text='Calling behavior of a male Japanese Tree Frog' ] Sensing the external environment is a core function of robots and autonomous mechanics. This function is useful for monitoring and analyzing the ecosystem for our deeper understanding of the nature and accomplishing the sustainable ecosystem. Here, we investigate calling behavior of male frogs by applying audio-processing technique on multiple audio data. In general, male frogs call from their breeding site, and a female frog approaches one of the males by hearing their calls. First, we conducted an indoor experiment to record spontaneous calling behavior of three male Japanese tree frogs, and then separated their call signals according to independent component analysis. The analysis of separated signals shows that chorus size (i.e., the number of calling frogs) has a positive effect on call number, inter-call intervals, and chorus duration. We speculate that a competition in a large chorus encourages the male frogs to make their call properties more attractive to conspecific females.

scholarly journals Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Federle ◽  
W.J.P Barnes ◽  
W Baumgartner ◽  
P Drechsler ◽  
J.M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Friction ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Laser Tweezer ◽  
Viscous Forces ◽  
Litoria Caerulea ◽  
Filled Joint ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Close Contacts

Tree frogs are remarkable for their capacity to cling to smooth surfaces using large toe pads. The adhesive skin of tree frog toe pads is characterized by peg-studded hexagonal cells separated by deep channels into which mucus glands open. The pads are completely wetted with watery mucus, which led previous authors to suggest that attachment is solely due to capillary and viscous forces generated by the fluid-filled joint between the pad and the substrate. Here, we present evidence from single-toe force measurements, laser tweezer microrheometry of pad mucus and interference reflection microscopy of the contact zone in Litoria caerulea , that tree frog attachment forces are significantly enhanced by close contacts and boundary friction between the pad epidermis and the substrate, facilitated by the highly regular pad microstructure.

The valid nomen for the tree frog (genus Hyla) of Tunisia and Eastern Algeria

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4759 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHE DUFRESNES ◽  
PIERRE-ANDRÉ CROCHET
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Rad Sequencing ◽  
Western Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genome Wide Data ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Eastern Algeria

Mediterranean tree frogs, Hyla gr. meridionalis Boettger, 1874 (Anura: Hylidae) are widespread around the Western Mediterranean Basin, where they naturally occur across the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia). Individuals of diverse Moroccan origins have been introduced and have expanded throughout the Iberian Peninsula, southern France and northern Italy (Liguria), but also on the Canary and Balearic archipelagos (Recuero et al. 2007; Dufresnes et al. 2019). Early molecular studies uncovered several mitochondrial lineages and suggested a major cryptic diversification within this taxon, with Tunisian and eastern Algerian (Numidia) populations carrying deeply divergent haplotypes compared with the rest of the range (Recuero et al. 2007; Stöck et al. 2008; Stöck et al. 2012). While intron markers showed little differentiation (Stöck et al. 2008; Stöck et al. 2012), genome-wide data obtained from RAD-sequencing have supported the deep split suspected from mtDNA (Dufresnes et al. 2018). 

An Improved Approach to Audio Segmentation and Classification in Broadcasting Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-66
Author(s):  
Jingzhou Sun ◽  
Yongbin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Audio Segmentation ◽  
Audio Processing ◽  
Network Method ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Fully Connected ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Audio Segmentation And Classification

Audio segmentation and classification are the basis of audio processing in broadcasting industries. A Dual-CNN (Dual-Convolutional Neural Network) method is proposed in this article in which it is possible to pre-train a CNN with unlabeled audio data so as to deal with the scarcity of labeled data. Auto-encoders (including an encoder and a decoder) are utilized, thus the name “Dual.” In the first place, audio sampling points and the derived STFT (Short-Time Fourier Transform) spectrograms pass through their own CNNs. Fusion of the extracted features is then performed. Finally, the merged features are sent to a fully connected network and the classification results are produced via Softmax. Being one of the segmentation-by-classification approaches, our solution also presents a novel smoothing method (SEG-smoothing) in order to deliver the best result of segmentation. A series of experiments have been conducted and their result verifies that the proposed approach for segmentation and classification outperforms alternative solutions.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN RADIO ONLINE DENGAN AUDIO STREAMING DAN VIRTUAL PRIVATE SERVER UNTUK KOMUNITAS BLOGER SEMARANG LOENPIA.NET

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sani Suprayogi
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Audio Processing ◽  
The World ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Use Of Internet

<p>Information technology, especially in terms of audio processing has been greatly expanded, with the use of Internet and webtechnologies are able to deliver the audio data to the entire world. That Audio Streaming, a service that can be used by anyone todisseminate information. Conventional radios have limited range and frequency of broadcasts. Utilizing Audio Streaming, OnlineRadio we can make that can be heard from around the world. A device that takes more simple that anyone can create and take advantage of this technology.This research proves that by using VPS, Linux, Internet, and Website. Anyone can make OnlineRadio easily and used for any purpose.</p>

scholarly journals A Simple Conservation Tool to Aid Restoration of Amphibians following High-Severity Wildfires: Use of PVC Pipes by Green Tree Frogs (Hyla cinerea) in Central Texas, USA

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Thanchira Suriyamongkol ◽  
Kaitlyn Forks ◽  
Andrea Villamizar-Gomez ◽  
Hsiao-Hsuan Wang ◽  
William E. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Hyla Cinerea ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Pipe Size

Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class based on the IUCN Red List. Their decline has been linked to anthropogenic activities, with wildfires being among the most conspicuous agents of habitat alterations affecting native amphibians. In 2011, the most destructive wildfire in Texas history occurred in the Lost Pines ecoregion of central Texas, USA, burning 39% of the 34,400 ha forest and drastically decreasing available habitats for many native wildlife species, including the green tree frog (Hyla cinerea). We investigated use of PVC pipes as artificial refuges for green tree frogs in different habitats within this post-fire pine forest. We monitored green tree frog use of small (diameter 38.1-mm, 1.5 inch) and large (diameter 50.8-mm, 2 inch) pipes located adjacent to, and 5 m from, ponds in burned and unburned areas over a 5-month period. We caught 227 frogs, 101 (24 adults and 77 juveniles) in burned and 126 (61 adults, 63 juveniles, and 2 unknown) in unburned areas. A relationship between pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe location in burned versus unburned areas was found, but pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were independent. Pipe use by adults and/or juveniles and pipe size were also independent. Juveniles were more frequently observed in pipes located adjacent to ponds. Our results confirmed that PVC pipes merit consideration as a simple, inexpensive, conservation tool to aid in restoration of green tree frog populations after high-severity wildfires. Such artificial refuges may be particularly important for survival of juveniles in severely altered post-fire habitats.

scholarly journals A new species of casque-headed tree frog, genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2123 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUNO V. S. PIMENTA ◽  
MARCELO F. NAPOLI ◽  
CÉLIO F. B. HADDAD
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Atlantic Rainforest ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Southern Bahia ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Forest Biome

A new species of Aparasphenodon is described from patches of arboreal restinga within the Atlantic Forest Biome, in a region known as Baixo Sul in southern Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Aparasphenodon arapapa sp. nov. is promptly diagnosed from other Aparasphenodon mainly by having small size (male snout-vent length 57.4–58.1 mm), loreal region flattened and wide, and canthus rostralis rounded and poorly elevated. The wide and flattened snout resembles that found in Triprion and Diaglena, and possibly is a parallelism (homoplasy) related to the phragmotic behavior of casque-headed tree frogs to their microhabitat usage. The decision to allocate the new species in the genus Aparasphenodon is discussed in detail, as the single morphological synapomorphy of the genus, the presence of a prenasal bone, is insufficient to morphologically relate the new species to Aparasphenodon, Triprion, or Diaglena.

scholarly journals Life Cycle of Tree Frogs (Hyla savygnyi) in Semi-Arid Habitats in Northern Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gad Degani
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Hula Valley ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Semi Arid

The life cycle of tree frogs (Hyla savygnyi) in localities of various habitats in northern Israel in the Upper Galilee and Golan Heights (annual rainfall range of 500-1,000 mm) and the Hula Valley, ranging from 212 to 740 m above sea level (ASL), was studied. Tree frogs were observed around winter rain pools, springs and streams. Fifty-one different breeding places were monitored. Only ponds and springs having stable non-flowing water are used by tree frogs for reproduction and are where larvae can metamorphose. The male call in the breeding places attracts the female, who then comes to the male, and breeding occurs underwater. Breeding time in Israel varies according to location and geographical and ecological conditions. It takes place in March-April in northern Israel, the Upper Galilee, the Golan Heights and the Hula Valley. In various breeding places, larvae grow between April and June. Apparently tree frog larvae adapt to breeding places where stable water is found, such as in ponds or springs, but not to breeding places with flowing water such as streams or rivers. Various Anuran and Urodela larvae were found in the same breeding sites where the larvae of H. savygnyi were found, including Pseudepidalea Viridis, Rana bedriagae, Pelobates syriacus, Salamandra infraimmaculata and Triturs vittatus. Following metamorphosis, H. savygnyi adapt to terrestrial life in semi-arid habitats, and is found on plants or in hiding places under rocks and in holes to prevent dehydration particularly during hot and dry weather. The ability to change color helped the frogs to hide in various substrates. The rate of water loss of terrestrial H. savygnyi during dehydration is around 50% of body weight. Plasma osmolality increased from 200 mOsm/kg to about 450 mOsm/kg, which helped the tree frog to survive in semi-arid habitats.

System of HD Digital Audio Decoder

2015 ◽  
Vol 743 ◽  
pp. 355-358
Author(s):  
Mang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Data Stream ◽  
Digital Audio ◽  
System Construction ◽  
Audio Processing ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
Audio Decoder ◽  
Audio System

This paper describes a audio system for high-definition(HD)digital audio decoding solution. The system is well aligned to decoding audio data stream Dolby True HD,DTS HDMaster, and support advanced audio processing Pro Logic® IIx, DTS Neo6. Discuss focuses on system construction and management of audio process by host MUC.

scholarly journals When the going gets rough – studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2116-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Crawford ◽  
Thomas Endlein ◽  
Jonathan T Pham ◽  
Mathis Riehle ◽  
W Jon P Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Litoria Caerulea ◽  
Frictional Forces ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Air Pockets ◽  
Effect Of Surface

Tree frogs need to adhere to surfaces of various roughnesses in their natural habitats; these include bark, leaves and rocks. Rough surfaces can alter the effectiveness of their toe pads, due to factors such as a change of real contact area and abrasion of the pad epithelium. Here, we tested the effect of surface roughness on the attachment abilities of the tree frog Litoria caerulea. This was done by testing shear and adhesive forces on artificial surfaces with controlled roughness, both on single toe pads and whole animal scales. It was shown that frogs can stick 2–3 times better on small scale roughnesses (3–6 µm asperities), producing higher adhesive and frictional forces, but relatively poorly on the larger scale roughnesses tested (58.5–562.5 µm asperities). Our experiments suggested that, on such surfaces, the pads secrete insufficient fluid to fill the space under the pad, leaving air pockets that would significantly reduce the Laplace pressure component of capillarity. Therefore, we measured how well the adhesive toe pad would conform to spherical asperities of known sizes using interference reflection microscopy. Based on experiments where the conformation of the pad to individual asperities was examined microscopically, our calculations indicate that the pad epithelium has a low elastic modulus, making it highly deformable.

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