scholarly journals Drought Index for Peatland Wildfire Management in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia During El Niño Phenomenon

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 939-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novitasari Novitasari ◽  
Joko Sujono ◽  
Sri Harto ◽  
Azwar Maas ◽  
Rachmad Jayadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
The Government

Peatland wildfires, especially in tropical ecosystems, are often caused by drought, and lead to smoke and other related problems in all aspects of community life in Indonesia, especially in Central Kalimantan. Drought is worsened by the number of dry days in the dry season, known as the El Niño phenomenon, and the drainage system in a peatland. Additionally, drought decreases the water table and increases the probability of occurrence of wildfires in peatland areas. This study aims to modify the numerical formula of the drought factor (DFt) in the Keetch–Byram drought index (KBDI) based on tropical peatland wildfire conditions in Central Kalimantan during the El Niño phenomenon in 2015. Furthermore, it applies a revised peatland water table reference of 400 mm below the ground surface, based on previous research and the Government regulation on peatland ecosystem protection and management in Indonesia. These El Niño conditions caused a rain decline of approximately 35% in Block A, Ex-Mega Rice Project, Mantangai sub-District, Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province. The modified KBDI is compared with the Number of Fire Alerts (NFA) using NASA’s Active Fire Data in 2015. The analysis results demonstrate that the modified DFt under tropical peatland conditions leads to an increase in the drought index value, beginning on the driest days between July and November 2015. The value of the KBDI drought index increases from the high to the extreme index from September to November 2015, when as many as 61 extreme drought indices became indicators for peatland wildfire risk assessment. The extreme KBDI is directly proportional to the NFA recorded during 2015, and the highest number of fire alerts is observed for October 2015, with 1746 fire alerts within 31 days and extreme drought indices from 27 days. Hence, this modified formula is suitable for wildfire conditions on this peatland in Central Kalimantan. Overall, the modified DFt can be successfully applied to the El Niño phenomenon in 2015.

scholarly journals GROUND WATER LEVEL AND SOIL TEMPERATURE VARIATION ON TROPICAL PEATLAND IN EL NIÑO YEAR

Agric ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Nur Wakhid ◽  
Siti Nurzakiah ◽  
Nurita Nurita ◽  
Zainudin Zainudin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Tropical Peatlands

Water level (TMA) and soil temperature are two keys of environmental factors for ecosystem peatland study and for peatland ecosystem sustainability as well as crop productivity on peatland. On the other hand, climate change is another factor that cannot be avoided and affects the peatland ecosystem. Fluctuation of water level and soil temperature more severe on El Niño or dry years. Therefore, monitoring of water level and soil temperature on peatland ecosystem is important for sustainable peat management, especially on the dry years. The study objective was to determine the dynamics of water level and soil temperature on peatlands ecosystem in El Niño years and compare them to the normal year conditions. Water level and soil temperature were conducted automatically on rubber plantations on tropical peatland in Jabiren, Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan, from January to December 2015. Water level on the field and canal drainage on tropical peatlands followed the variations of precipitation. Although the average of annual precipitation on El Niño year is almost the same as normal year, but the water level and soil temperature show quite significant differences to the normal years. In addition, even water level was deeper and soil temperature is quite high in the dry season of El Niño years, but this field did not burn because productive plants were growth managed well by the owner.

scholarly journals Field measurements of trace gases and aerosols emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 11711-11732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea E. Stockwell ◽  
Thilina Jayarathne ◽  
Mark A. Cochrane ◽  
Kevin C. Ryan ◽  
Erianto I. Putra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Peat Fires

Abstract. Peat fires in Southeast Asia have become a major annual source of trace gases and particles to the regional–global atmosphere. The assessment of their influence on atmospheric chemistry, climate, air quality, and health has been uncertain partly due to a lack of field measurements of the smoke characteristics. During the strong 2015 El Niño event we deployed a mobile smoke sampling team in the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan on the island of Borneo and made the first, or rare, field measurements of trace gases, aerosol optical properties, and aerosol mass emissions for authentic peat fires burning at various depths in different peat types. This paper reports the trace gas and aerosol measurements obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, whole air sampling, photoacoustic extinctiometers (405 and 870 nm), and a small subset of the data from analyses of particulate filters. The trace gas measurements provide emission factors (EFs; grams of a compound per kilogram biomass burned) for up to  ∼  90 gases, including CO2, CO, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons up to C10, 15 oxygenated organic compounds, NH3, HCN, NOx, OCS, HCl, etc. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of the smoke sources ranged from 0.693 to 0.835 with an average of 0.772 ± 0.053 (n  =  35), indicating essentially pure smoldering combustion, and the emissions were not initially strongly lofted. The major trace gas emissions by mass (EF as g kg−1) were carbon dioxide (1564 ± 77), carbon monoxide (291 ± 49), methane (9.51 ± 4.74), hydrogen cyanide (5.75 ± 1.60), acetic acid (3.89 ± 1.65), ammonia (2.86 ± 1.00), methanol (2.14 ± 1.22), ethane (1.52 ± 0.66), dihydrogen (1.22 ± 1.01), propylene (1.07 ± 0.53), propane (0.989 ± 0.644), ethylene (0.961 ± 0.528), benzene (0.954 ± 0.394), formaldehyde (0.867 ± 0.479), hydroxyacetone (0.860 ± 0.433), furan (0.772 ± 0.035), acetaldehyde (0.697 ± 0.460), and acetone (0.691 ± 0.356). These field data support significant revision of the EFs for CO2 (−8 %), CH4 (−55 %), NH3 (−86 %), CO (+39 %), and other gases compared with widely used recommendations for tropical peat fires based on a lab study of a single sample published in 2003. BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) are important air toxics and aerosol precursors and were emitted in total at 1.5 ± 0.6 g kg−1. Formaldehyde is probably the air toxic gas most likely to cause local exposures that exceed recommended levels. The field results from Kalimantan were in reasonable agreement with recent lab measurements of smoldering Kalimantan peat for “overlap species,” lending importance to the lab finding that burning peat produces large emissions of acetamide, acrolein, methylglyoxal, etc., which were not measurable in the field with the deployed equipment and implying value in continued similar efforts. The aerosol optical data measured include EFs for the scattering and absorption coefficients (EF Bscat and EF Babs, m2 kg−1 fuel burned) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) at 870 and 405 nm, as well as the absorption Ångström exponents (AAE). By coupling the absorption and co-located trace gas and filter data we estimated black carbon (BC) EFs (g kg−1) and the mass absorption coefficient (MAC, m2 g−1) for the bulk organic carbon (OC) due to brown carbon (BrC). Consistent with the minimal flaming, the emissions of BC were negligible (0.0055 ± 0.0016 g kg−1). Aerosol absorption at 405 nm was  ∼  52 times larger than at 870 nm and BrC contributed  ∼  96 % of the absorption at 405 nm. Average AAE was 4.97 ± 0.65 (range, 4.29–6.23). The average SSA at 405 nm (0.974 ± 0.016) was marginally lower than the average SSA at 870 nm (0.998 ± 0.001). These data facilitate modeling climate-relevant aerosol optical properties across much of the UV/visible spectrum and the high AAE and lower SSA at 405 nm demonstrate the dominance of absorption by the organic aerosol. Comparing the Babs at 405 nm to the simultaneously measured OC mass on filters suggests a low MAC ( ∼  0.1) for the bulk OC, as expected for the low BC/OC ratio in the aerosol. The importance of pyrolysis (at lower MCE), as opposed to glowing (at higher MCE), in producing BrC is seen in the increase of AAE with lower MCE (r2 =  0.65).

scholarly journals Field measurements of trace gases and aerosols emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia during the 2015 El Niño

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea E. Stockwell ◽  
Thilina Jayarathne ◽  
Mark A. Cochrane ◽  
Kevin C. Ryan ◽  
Erianto I. Putra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Aerosol Optical Properties ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Peat Fires

Abstract. Peat fires in Southeast Asia have become a major annual source of trace gases and particles to the regional-global atmosphere. The assessment of their influence on atmospheric chemistry, climate, air quality, and health has been uncertain partly due to a lack of field measurements of the smoke characteristics. During the strong 2015 El Niño event we deployed a mobile smoke sampling team in the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan on the island of Borneo and made the first, or rare, field measurements of trace gases, aerosol optical properties, and aerosol mass emissions for authentic peat fires burning at various depths in different peat types. This paper reports the trace gas and aerosol measurements obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, whole air sampling, photoacoustic extinctiometers (405 and 870 nm), and a small subset of the data from analyses of particulate filters. The trace gas measurements provide emission factors (EFs, g compound per kg biomass burned) for CO2, CO, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons up to C10, 15 oxygenated organic compounds, NH3, HCN, NOx, OCS, HCl, etc.; up to ~90 gases in all. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of the smoke sources ranged from 0.693 to 0.835 with an average of 0.772 ± 0.053 (n = 35) indicating essentially pure smoldering combustion and the emissions were not initially strongly lofted. The major trace gas emissions by mass (EF as g/kg) were: carbon dioxide (1564 ± 77), carbon monoxide (291 ± 49), methane (9.51 ± 4.74), hydrogen cyanide (5.75 ± 1.60), acetic acid (3.89 ± 1.65), ammonia (2.86 ± 1.00), methanol (2.14 ± 1.22), ethane (1.52 ± 0.66), dihydrogen (1.22 ± 1.01), propylene (1.07 ± 0.53), propane (0.989 ± 0.644), ethylene (0.961 ± 0.528), benzene (0.954 ± 0.394), formaldehyde (0.867 ± 0.479), hydroxyacetone (0.860 ± 0.433), furan (0.772 ± 0.035), acetaldehyde (0.697 ± 0.460), and acetone (0.691 ± 0.356). These field data support significant revision of the EFs for CO2 (−8 %), CH4 (−55 %), NH3 (−86 %), CO (+39 %) and other gases compared with widely-used recommendations for tropical peat fires based on a lab study of a single sample published in 2003. BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) are important air toxics and aerosol precursors and were emitted in total at 1.5 ± 0.6 g/kg. Formaldehyde is probably the air toxic gas most likely to cause local exposures that exceed recommended levels. The field results from Kalimantan were in reasonable agreement with recent (2012) lab measurements of smoldering Kalimantan peat for “overlap species,” lending importance to the lab finding that burning peat produces large emissions of acetamide, acrolein, methylglyoxal, etc., which were not measureable in the field with the deployed equipment and implying value in continued similar efforts. The aerosol optical data measured include EFs for the scattering and absorption coefficients (EF Bscat and EF Babs, m2/kg fuel burned) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) at 870 and 405 nm, as well as the absorption Ångstrӧm exponents (AAE). By coupling the absorption and co-located trace gas and filter data we estimated black carbon (BC) EFs (g/kg) and the mass absorption coefficient (MAC, m2/g) for the bulk organic carbon (OC) due to brown carbon (BrC). Consistent with the minimal flaming, the emissions of BC were negligible (0.0055 ± 0.0016 g/kg). Aerosol absorption at 405 nm was ~52 times larger than at 870 nm and BrC contributed ~96 % of the absorption at 405 nm. Average AAE was 4.97 ± 0.65 (range, 4.29–6.23). The average SSA at 405 nm (0.974 ± 0.016) was marginally lower than the average SSA at 870 nm (0.998 ± 0.001). These data facilitate modeling climate-relevant aerosol optical properties across much of the UV/visible spectrum and the high AAE and lower SSA at 405 nm demonstrate the dominance of absorption by the organic aerosol. Comparing the Babs at 405 nm to the simultaneously measured OC mass on filters suggests a low MAC (~0.1) for the bulk OC, as expected for the low BC / OC ratio in the aerosol. The importance of pyrolysis (at lower MCE), as opposed to glowing (at higher MCE), in producing BrC is seen in the increase of AAE with lower MCE (r2 = 0.65).

Climate Assessment for 1998

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (5s) ◽  
pp. S1-S48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald D. Bell ◽  
Michael S. Halpert ◽  
Chester F. Ropelewski ◽  
Vernon E. Kousky ◽  
Arthur V. Douglas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Hurricane Mitch ◽  
La Nina

The global climate during 1998 was affected by opposite extremes of the ENSO cycle, with one of the strongest Pacific warm episodes (El Niño) in the historical record continuing during January–early May and Pacific cold episode (La Niña) conditions occurring from JulyñDecember. In both periods, regional temperature, rainfall, and atmospheric circulation patterns across the Pacific Ocean and the Americas were generally consistent with those observed during past warm and cold episodes. Some of the most dramatic impacts from both episodes were observed in the Tropics, where anomalous convection was evident across the entire tropical Pacific and in most major monsoon regions of the world. Over the Americas, many of the El Niño– (La Niña–) related rainfall anomalies in the subtropical and extratropical latitudes were linked to an extension (retraction) of the jet streams and their attendant circulation features typically located over the subtropical latitudes of both the North Pacific and South Pacific. The regions most affected by excessive El Niño–related rainfall included 1) the eastern half of the tropical Pacific, including western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, which experienced significant flooding and mudslides; 2) southeastern South America, where substantial flooding was also observed; and 3) California and much of the central and southern United States during January–March, and the central United States during April–June. El Niño–related rainfall deficits during 1998 included 1) Indonesia and portions of northern Australia; 2) the Amazon Basin, in association with a substantially weaker-than-normal South American monsoon circulation; 3) Mexico, which experienced extreme drought throughout the El Niño episode; and 4) the Gulf Coast states of the United States, which experienced extreme drought during April–June 1998. The El Niño also contributed to extreme warmth across North America during January–May. The primary La Niña–related precipitation anomalies included 1) increased rainfall across Indonesia, and a nearly complete disappearance of rainfall across the east-central equatorial Pacific; 2) above-normal rains across northwestern, eastern, and northern Australia; 3) increased monsoon rains across central America and Mexico during October–December; and 4) dryness across equatorial eastern Africa. The active 1998 North Atlantic hurricane season featured 14 named storms (9 of which became hurricanes) and the strongest October hurricane (Mitch) in the historical record. In Honduras and Nicaragua extreme flooding and mudslides associated with Hurricane Mitch claimed more than 11 000 lives. During the peak of activity in August–September, the vertical wind shear across the western Atlantic, along with both the structure and location of the African easterly jet, were typical of other active seasons. Other regional aspects of the short-term climate included 1) record rainfall and massive flooding in the Yangtze River Basin of central China during June–July; 2) a drier and shorter-than-normal 1997/98 rainy season in southern Africa; 3) above-normal rains across the northern section of the African Sahel during June–September 1998; and 4) a continuation of record warmth across Canada during June–November. Global annual mean surface temperatures during 1998 for land and marine areas were 0.56°C above the 1961–90 base period means. This record warmth surpasses the previous highest anomaly of +0.43°C set in 1997. Record warmth was also observed in the global Tropics and Northern Hemisphere extratropics during the year, and is partly linked to the strong El Nino conditions during January–early May.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DAMPAK ENSO (EL-NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION) TERHADAP TINGKAT KEKERINGAN UNTUK TANAMAN PANGAN DAN PALAWIJA (STUDI KASUS : SULAWESI SELATAN)

Agromet ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Yon Sugiarto ◽  
Dori Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Enso Event ◽  
El Niño Southern Oscillation ◽  
El Nino Southern Oscillation ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Weather Changes

<p>Weather and climate variability is a long-term weather changes that are characterized by fluctuations and deviations from normal conditions. One possible cause is the ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation) which affected in drought events. This research was conducted to determine and analyze the level of drought in South Sulawesi due to the influence of ENSO and compare the production of food crops and secondary food crops in normal years and ENSO.<br />Drought index is calculated based on the Palmer method by using data of rainfall, air temperature and soil moisture as input. Based on the calculations using the method of Palmer drought index, the regions with monsoon rain patterns have a range of values between -22.71 drought until 18:23, Equatorial patterns ranging from -4.03 to 5:07, and on local patterns ranged<br />from -8.57 until 10:07. Verification test results on the drought index of crop production data showed that each ENSO event is always followed by a decline in rice production, especially of rice fields. Food crop production generally tends to increase at each ENSO event because most crops are plants that are resistant to drought, particularly local varieties that have adapted well to their environment. Thus, the drought caused by the influence of ENSO can affect the production of food crops and secondary food crops.</p>

scholarly journals Dinamika Program dan Kebijakan Peningkatan Produksi Padi

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Kurnia Suci Indraningsih
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
El Nino ◽  
System Development ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Government

<strong>English</strong><br />Rice Production Enhancement Programs (P4) is consistently carried out by the government to meet domestic demand for rice. This paper describes dynamics of P4 implementation, namely their strengths and weaknesses. There were 11 programs launched, beginning with Central Rice Program (Padi Sentra) in 1958 up to Special Intensification (Insus) in 1979 with highest achievement of rice self sufficiency in 1984. Insus was improved in 1987 and it was then called as Supra Insus. In 1990 rice production was stagnant and rice import tended to enlarge. Rice Based Farming System with Agribusiness Orientation (SUTPA), Agribusiness Oriented Intensification (Inbis), and Self Reliance Movement on Rice, Corn, and Soybean (Gema Palagung) programs were introduced to anticipate changing domestic and international circumstances. El Nino took place when the programs were carried out triggering delay of harvest seasons and low production. At last, paradigm of agricultural development was improved through system development and agribusiness oriented, namely corporate farming as the starting point of on-going Integrated Crops and Resources Management (PTT) program. To induce the farmers nationwide to adopt technologies immediately the government copes with many constraints. It is suggested that the generated technologies are packed in sociodrama before disseminated intensively through various mass media, especially television.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Untuk mencukupi kebutuhan beras, pemerintah terus mengupayakan program peningkatan produksi padi (P4) melalui berbagai kebijakan. Tulisan ini mengemukakan dinamika P4 yang telah diimplementasikan dengan menganalisis kelemahan dan kekuatan suatu program. Tujuan penulisan untuk memperoleh opsi kebijakan P4 mendatang. Ada sebelas program yang telah diluncurkan, diawali dengan Program Padi Sentra (1958) hingga lahir Intensivikasi Khusus (1979) yang berhasil meraih swasembada beras (1984). Tahun 1987 Insus disempurnakan menjadi Supra Insus. Tahun 1990 produksi padi cenderung stagnan, import beras terus meningkat. Untuk merespon berbagai perubahan lingkungan internasional dan domesik diimplementasikan program Sistem Usahatani Berbasis Padi Berorientasi Agribisnis (SUTPA), Intensifikasi yang Berwawasan Agribisnis (Inbis) dan Gema Palagung. Saat program dalam implementasi terjadi El-Nino yang menyebabkan panen mundur dan produksi rendah. Akhirnya dilakukan pembenahan paradigma dalam pengembangan pertanian yaitu mutlak berbasis pengembangan sistem dan berorientasi agribisnis, yaitu usahatani korporasi yang selanjutnya menjadi dasar dalam program Pengelolaan Tanaman dan Sumberdaya Terpadu (PTT) yang sedang diuji. Selalu ditemukan kendala dalam menyebarluaskan teknologi yang telah dihasilkan dalam skala luas agar cepat diadopsi petani. Diusulkan agar teknologi yang telah dihasilkan dikemas dalam sosiodrama kemudian disebarluaskan secara intensif melalui berbagai media terutama televisi.

scholarly journals Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Niño 2015–2016

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Jiménez-Muñoz ◽  
Cristian Mattar ◽  
Jonathan Barichivich ◽  
Andrés Santamaría-Artigas ◽  
Ken Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Amazon Rainforest
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document