Preliminary Study on Long-Term Flooding After the Tsunami

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-747
Author(s):  
Toshitaka Baba ◽  
Junichi Taniguchi ◽  
Noriko Kusunoki ◽  
Manabu Miyoshi ◽  
Hiroshi Aki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Flow Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Waveforms ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Nankai Earthquake

After the Nankai earthquake in 1946, the resultant flooding lasted for a long time, because seawater remained on land after the tsunami in Kochi city. Large-scale flooding occurred in Ishinomaki city immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. Long-term flooding may hamper disaster responses such as rescue and recovery activities. This paper studied the risks of long-term flooding after the Nankai earthquake in Tokushima city based on a paleographical survey and numerical analysis. The paleographical survey identified statements such as “seawater sometimes flowed onto the land at the full tide,” suggesting occurrences of long-term flooding after previous Nankai earthquakes. The numerical analysis separately calculated values inside and outside the levee. The tsunami waveforms outside the analysis area obtained by tsunami numerical simulation was used as the boundary condition of the inland flow modeling, that is water was introduced inside the levee when the tsunami water level exceeded the upper end of the levee. The two layers of ground surface and the drain were defined to calculate the flow, including water exchange between the two layers, and the water was drained forcefully outside the levee using a drainage pump. The possibility of long-term flooding in the analysis area is suggested when a large-scale earthquake occurs in the Nankai trough.

Natural Analogues: Their Application to the Prediction of the Long-Term Behavior of Nuclear Waste Forms

1986 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney C. Ewing ◽  
Michael J. Jercinovic
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Waste Form ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Natural Analogues ◽  
Long Term Behavior ◽  
Nuclear Waste Forms

AbstractOne of the unique and scientifically most difficult aspects of nuclear waste isolation is the extrapolation ofshot-term laboratory data (hours to years) to the long time periods (103-105 years) required by regulatory agencies for performance assessment. The direct verification of these extrapolations is not possible, but methods must be developed to demonstrate compliance with government regulations and to satisfy the lay public that there is a demonstrable and reasonable basis for accepting the long-term extrapolations. Natural analogues of both the repository environment (e.g. radionuclide migration at Oklo) and nuclear waste form behavior (e.g. alteration of basaltic glasses and radiation damage in minerals) have been used to demonstrate the long-term behavior of large scale geologic systems and, on a smaller scale, waste form durability. This paper reviews the use of natural analogues to predict the long-term behavior of nuclear waste form glasses. Particular emphasis is placed on the inherent limitations of any conclusions that are based on “proof” by analogy. An example -- corrosion of borosilicate glass -- is discussed in detail with specific attention to the proper and successful use of natural analogues (basaltic glass) in understanding the long-term corrosion behavior of borosilicate glass.

scholarly journals Trends in the Seaward Extent of Saltmarshes across Europe from Long-Term Satellite Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Liesa Laengner ◽  
Koen Siteur ◽  
Daphne van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Decision Tree Classification ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Water Level Variations

Saltmarshes provide crucial functions for flora, fauna, and humankind. Thus far, studies of their dynamics and response to environmental drivers are limited in space and time. Satellite data allow for looking at saltmarshes on a large scale and over a long time period. We developed an unsupervised decision tree classification method to classify satellite images into saltmarsh vegetation, mudflat and open water, integrating additional land cover information. By using consecutive stacks of three years, we considered trends while taking into account water level variations. We used Landsat 5 TM data but found that other satellite data can be used as well. Classification performance for different periods of the Western Scheldt was almost perfect for this site, with overall accuracies above 90% and Kappa coefficients of over 0.85. Sensitivity analysis characterizes the method as being robust. Generated time series for 125 sites across Europe show saltmarsh area changes between 1986 and 2010. The method also worked using a global approach for these sites. We reveal transitions between saltmarsh, mudflat and open water, both at the saltmarsh lower edge and interior, but our method cannot detect changes at the saltmarsh-upland boundary. Resulting trends in saltmarsh dynamics can be coupled to environmental drivers, such as sea level, tidal currents, waves, and sediment availability.

Understanding Long-Term Changes of Coastal Saltmarshes from Satellite Remote Sensing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Laengner ◽  
Daphne van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Remote Sensing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Decision Tree Classification ◽  
Tidal Forces ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time

<p>Saltmarshes are known to be very important coastal ecosystems. They provide crucial functions for flora and fauna, as well as valuable ecosystem services for humankind. Many methods that are used to investigate these ecosystems are limited in space and time. Long time series of global satellite data enable to observe changes in the extent of saltmarshes on a large scale and over a long time period. We developed an unsupervised decision tree classification method in Google Earth Engine that automatically classifies satellite images into saltmarsh vegetation, mudflats, and open water. We applied the method using Landsat 5 TM data between 1985 and 2011. With this, we are able to detect trends in the seaward extent of saltmarshes globally. We reveal transitions between saltmarsh, mudflat and open water. Furthermore, we put saltmarsh habitat changes in a spatial context and couple trends in saltmarsh dynamics to environmental drivers, such as sea level rise, tidal forces, waves, and sediment availability.</p>

Ecological research and large scale land-atmosphere feedbacks: lesson from the Bouchet's complementary relationship

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 6077-6094
Author(s):  
E. Lugato ◽  
G. Alberti ◽  
B. Gioli ◽  
J. O. Kaplan ◽  
A. Peressotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Water Cycle ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Global Vegetation ◽  
Term Analysis

Abstract. Acceleration of the global water cycle over recent decades, which is hypothesized by several studies, remains uncertain because of the high inter-annual variability of its components. Observations of pan evaporation (Epan), a proxy of potential evapotranspiration (ETp), may help to identify trends in the water cycle over long time periods. The complementary relation (CR; Bouchet, 1963) states ETp and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) depend on each other in a complementary manner, through land-atmosphere feedbacks in water limited environments. Using a long time series of Epan observations in Australia, we estimated monthly ETa values using the CR and compared our estimates with ETa measured at eddy covariance stations in Fluxnet. Our results confirm that CR can be reliably applied to estimate ETa and produces better results than a global vegetation model run without specific calibration. In addition, our analysis indicated that, on average, ETa did not show any significant trend between 1975 and 2009 in Australia, but short-term analysis including anomaly periods may give the idea of a rapid climate change that is not perceived in a long-term perspective.

scholarly journals Modified PCI Multipliers for Time-Dependent Deformation of PSC Bridges

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Joo-Ha Lee ◽  
Kwang-Mo Lim ◽  
Chan-Gi Park
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Prestressed Concrete ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Bridge Design ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Long Term Behavior ◽  
Construction Schedules

Nowadays prestressed concrete (PSC) bridges have become very common, but there are still many difficulties in predicting their long-term behavior. In order to predict the long-term behavior of PSC bridges, it is possible to use very complex formulas developed by various researchers or numerical analysis through computer, but many engineers are having difficulty in using such methods. Moreover, the accuracy of the prediction result is not satisfactory compared to the effort. On the contrary, the PCI Bridge Design Manual proposes a method that can easily predict the long-term behavior using multipliers. However, this method does not take into account various construction schedules and has some assumptions that are inadequate for the current situation in various girder sections and topping thicknesses. Therefore, in this study, new long-time factors were developed by modifying the multipliers of the PCI Bridge Design Manual by a rational manner. This allows prediction of long-term behavior of bridges taking into account various construction schedules and the characteristics of modern girder sections. The prediction results of the long-term camber and deflection of PSC bridges using the proposed multipliers were compared with those using the basic PCI Bridge Design Manual, the improved PCI Bridge Design Manual, KR C-08090 (same as ACI 318-14), and numerical analysis. As a result, the newly proposed method makes possible to predict the long-term behavior at any time after casting, and the accuracy of the prediction is also improved.

Environment, Damages, and Compensation

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Pfennigstorf
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
State Statutes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Nuisance Law ◽  
Physical Comfort

This article, the first part of a larger study devoted to the compensation of damages caused by pollution, reviews the existing sources of compensation in the United States: the common law of torts, federal and state statutes, and various forms of commercial insurance coverages. It shows how the rules of nuisance law have remained flexible in response to changing customs and public policies, how for a long time prevailing attitudes favored industrial development and economic growth over physical comfort, and how increasing concerns about the long-term health effects of environmental pollution have created a trend in the opposite direction. The author also points out that the existing system of liability and compensation, which relies on individual actions and case-by-case adjudication, is not ideally suited for dealing with the effects of large-scale pollution or for the —primarily political—task of evaluating and balancing all of the interests and values, present and future, economic and noneconomic, that need to be considered before decisions can be made that are bound to affect the health and economic well-being of a large part of the population beyond the immediate parties to a lawsuit. This indicates a need for a comprehensive approach that would not only coordinate the rules concerning liability and those concerning insurance and other sources of compensation but would also make the compensation of pollution damages an integral part of a thoroughly rational and consistent environmental policy. The various possibilities of constructing such a comprehensive compensation system will be discussed in the second part of the study, to be published in a forthcoming issue of the American Bar Foundation Research Journal.

scholarly journals Solar Powered Dustbin for Efficient Waste Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 124-128
Author(s):  
Mr. Kunal Dalvi ◽  
Mr. Prathamesh Tharwal ◽  
Mr. Nikhil Chaudhari ◽  
Mr. Yatish Mhatre ◽  
Prof. Supriya Shigwan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Foul Smell ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Cleaning Staff

This paper represents the study of smart dustbin for efficient waste management. Nowadays, Urbanization has increased tremendously, at the same time there is an increase in waste production. Waste management is a crucial issue to be considered. So we are developing a Smart Dustbin which will sense the position of humans and automatically open the lid of the dustbin to throw garbage. It will monitor the garbage and inform about the levels of garbage collected in the dustbin via sending SMS to the cleaning staff or the supervisor. Once the garbage reaches the threshold level, the ultrasonic sensor will trigger the GSM modem which will continuously alert the cleaning staff and supervisor until the garbage in the dustbin is squashed. Foul smell from the rotten wastes that remain untreated for a long time, due to the negligence of authorities and carelessness of the public may lead to long-term problems. So once these smart bins are implemented on a large scale, waste can be managed efficiently as it avoids unnecessary lumping of wastes on the roadside and keeps the city clean and restricts the spread of diseases through this.

scholarly journals Long-term Monitoring with Small and Medium-sized Telescopes on the Ground and in Space

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (S285) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
P. A. Charles ◽  
M. M. Kotze ◽  
A. Rajoelimanana
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Time Data ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sky Monitor ◽  
Real Time Data Processing ◽  
Large Telescopes

AbstractThe last 20 years have seen revolutionary developments of large-scale synoptic surveys of the sky, both from the ground (e.g., the MACHO and OGLE projects, which were targetted at micro-lensing studies) and in space (e.g., the X-ray All-Sky Monitor onboard RXTE). These utilised small and medium-sized telescopes to search for transient-like events, but they have now built up a huge database of long-term light-curves, thereby enabling archival research on a wide range of objects that has not been possible hitherto. This is illustrated with examples of long time-scale optical and X-ray variability studies from the field of X-ray binary research: the high-mass BeX binaries in the SMC (using MACHO and OGLE), and the bright galactic-bulge X-ray sources (mostly LMXBs, using RXTE/ASM). As such facilities develop greater capabilities in future and at other wavelengths (developments in South Africa will be described), real-time data processing will allow much more rapid follow-up studies with the new generation of queue-scheduled large telescopes such as SALT.

scholarly journals SEPARATION OF CLIMATIC FLUCTUATIONS AND IMPACTS OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES IN ESTUARIES

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
G. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
Long Time

Using salinity as an example of dissolved substances in estuarine waters it is shown how the long term trend of concentrations can be split up into a man-made and a climatic contribution. The understanding of long term mixing processes and adequate sampling techniques are essential for this purpose. The physical state of the estuary can be described in terms of 3 basic variables, the river discharge, the filtered water level and the filtered salinity. The river discharge represents the climatic fluctuations in the catchment area, and the filtered water level is a record of the large scale weather pattern over the adjacent ocean basin. Salinity trends which cannot be attributed to these two variables must originate from man-made actions, such as dredging or other engineering activities which change the geometry of an estuary. Two models are used for the trend analysis, the simplest possible mixing equation (which always holds for a sufficiently long time scale), and a salt flux consideration.

Modelling soil organic matter at long-time and landscape scales.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bruneau ◽  
Benoit Chauveau ◽  
Julien Coatléven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Sedimentary Records ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
Landscape Dynamic

<p>Understanding and simulating the soil organic matter had become a key challenge to better predict the landscape dynamic and its evolution. Although numerical modelling developments already integrate soil organic matter to improve agricultural practices at field or plot scales, additional work needs to be carried out to describe the landscape evolution over hundreds to thousands of years.</p><p>We aim to identify and quantify the processes associated to organic matter cycle that take part in landscape long-term evolution. We complete a reference sediment transport model designed for large scale evolution by adding some physical considerations relative to organic matter behaviour. The main developments concern:</p><ul><li> Organic matter productivity and its export to soils</li> <li> Organic matter evolution and degradation along soil profile and during transport</li> <li> Rock and regolith compartments with different lithologies and compositions</li> <li> Weathering and erosion</li> </ul><p>In this presentation, we explore the strengths and limits of this model designed to address a wide variety of questions in various settings. We also discuss the results and assess the validity of this approach considering availability of long-term sedimentary records.</p>

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