Using Data and Statistics to Explain Investment Effectiveness on Flood Protection

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1238-1243
Author(s):  
Kenichi Tsukahara ◽  
◽  
Noriyasu Kachi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Cost

Losses and damages caused by natural disasters have negatively impacted poverty alleviation and human development and undermine the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, disaster issues were not included in MDG targets set up in 2000. A new development agenda, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), was approved in the UN General Assembly in September 2015. In the SDGs, disaster issues are included in many targets such as target 11.5. To appropriately set targets and prepare monitoring measures for disaster-related issues, quantitatively measurable indicators of impacts of disaster risk reduction on economic growth and poverty alleviation should be prepared. In addition, to promote disaster prevention measures, we need to convince policy makers that such measures are highly essential for a country’s development and are cost-effective. Although the cost-effectiveness of single disaster prevention projects has been studied, aggregate effectiveness of these projects at a national level has not been presented. This study proposes a simple method to explain the cost-effectiveness of flood protection investment in Japan post World War II by using national aggregate data.

scholarly journals Allocation of Resources for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions in Rare Diseases”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Mobinizade ◽  
Zeinab Fakoorfard
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Health System ◽  
Rare Diseases ◽  
National Level ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Cost

Background: The health system is facing limited financial resources in all countries. Resource allocation is one of the tasks of the health system. Prioritizing interventions is one of the strategies that can help health policymakers in allocating financial resources. Rare diseases require more attention than other diseases due to their high cost and complex treatments. The countries use different policies to determine the effectiveness of interventions in the field of rare diseases. The purpose of this study is to refer to some policies in the field of allocating resources for rare diseases and to explain the importance of determining the threshold of cost-effectiveness for rare diseases in Iran. Methods: This research is a review study. First, a study was conducted on how to prioritize health interventions in the world and the thresholds of cost-effectiveness in different countries. Articles related to the research topic were then searched in accessible databases in Iran such as SID, Google Scholar and Medline. Finally, the obtained articles were screened and analyzed based on a thematic approach. Results: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a threshold for determining the cost-effectiveness of health system interventions , that is determined and calculated based on the per capita GDP of each country. There are many differences between countries on policies related to the treatment of rare diseases, medicines, health care budgets and patient access. Conclusions: Due to the very high cost of treating rare diseases, it is impossible to use the threshold used for general disease interventions in rare diseases and it is necessary to use a higher threshold for rare diseases. In addition to cost-effectiveness, budget, justice, feasibility, and other criteria that are considered important at the national level should be considered.

scholarly journals Rabies vaccination strategies in the Netherlands in 2018: a cost evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita WM Suijkerbuijk ◽  
Marie-Josee J Mangen ◽  
Manon R Haverkate ◽  
Floriana S Luppino ◽  
Sabine E Bantjes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cost Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccination Uptake ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Cost

Background The risk of contracting rabies is low for travellers. However, the number of Dutch travellers potentially exposed abroad following an animal-associated injury and needing post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) has increased, resulting in increased costs. Aim Here, we evaluated the costs and the cost-effectiveness of different pre- and post-exposure interventions in the Netherlands, taking into account the 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for the prevention of rabies. Methods A decision tree-based economic model was constructed. We calculated and compared the cost of different WHO pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) recommendations, intramuscular vs intradermal vaccination and PEP subsequent to increased vaccination coverage in risk groups. We estimated cost-effectiveness, expressed as incremental costs per rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) administration averted, using a societal perspective. Statistical uncertainty regarding number of travellers and vaccination coverage was assessed. Results Total costs at the national level were highest using previous WHO recommendations from 2012, estimated at EUR 15.4 million annually. Intradermal vaccinations in combination with the current recommendations led to the lowest costs, estimated at EUR 10.3 million. Higher vaccination uptake resulted in higher overall costs. The incremental costs per RIG administration averted varied from EUR 21,300-46,800. Conclusions The change in rabies PrEP and PEP recommendations in 2018 reduced total costs. Strategies with increased pre-travel vaccination uptake led to fewer RIG administrations and fewer vaccinations after exposure but also to higher total costs. Although larger scale intradermal administration of rabies vaccine can reduce total costs of PrEP and can positively influence vaccination uptake, it remains a costly intervention.

scholarly journals The Environmental and Health Impacts of Poverty Alleviation in China: From a Consumption-Based Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Su-Mei Chen ◽  
Jia-Jia Ou ◽  
Ling-Yun He
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Green Production ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government

Poverty alleviation, environmental protection, and healthcare are the three biggest challenges for the Sustainable Development Goals. However, they are also inter-linked. Therefore, it is imperative to achieve these goals in a compatible manner at the national level. Given the growing consumption caused by poverty alleviation in China, this paper investigates potential impacts of poverty alleviation on the environment and health based on an input–output approach, air quality estimation model, and health loss assessment. Due to data limitations, the base year was set as 2012. Nevertheless, the scientific value of the paper is that it offers an important supplement for a preliminary estimation on a macro level. We find that poverty alleviation could be a substantial threat to the environment and health from a consumption-based perspective, and this trade-off can be explained by the uneven pollution footprints per capita among different income groups. From a policy perspective, the government should promote green production, green lifestyles, and healthcare when reducing poverty.

scholarly journals Hospital-based evidence on cost-effectiveness of brucellosis diagnostic tests and treatment in Kenyan hospitals

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0008977
Author(s):  
Lorren Alumasa ◽  
Lian F. Thomas ◽  
Fredrick Amanya ◽  
Samuel M. Njoroge ◽  
Ignacio Moriyón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Therapy Regimen ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

Hospitals in Kenya continue to use the Febrile Antigen Brucella Agglutination Test (FBAT) to diagnose brucellosis, despite reports showing its inadequacy. This study generated hospital-based evidence on the performance and cost-effectiveness of the FBAT, compared to the Rose Bengal Test (RBT).Twelve hospitals in western Kenya stored patient serum samples that were tested for brucellosis using the FBAT, and these were later re-tested using the RBT. Data on the running time and cost of the FBAT, and the treatment prescribed for brucellosis, were collected. The cost-effectiveness of the two tests, defined as the cost in US Dollars ($) per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted, was determined, and a basic sensitivity analysis was run to identify the most influential parameters. Over a 6-month period, 180 patient serum samples that were tested with FBAT at the hospitals were later re-tested with RBT at the field laboratory. Of these 24 (13.3%) and 3 (1.7%) tested positive with FBAT and RBT, respectively. The agreement between the FBAT and RBT was slight (Kappa = 0.12). Treatment prescribed following FBAT positivity varied between hospitals, and only one hospital prescribed a standardized therapy regimen. The mean $/DALY averted when using the FBAT and RBT were $2,065 (95% CI $481-$6,736) and $304 (95% CI $126-$604), respectively. Brucellosis prevalence was the most influential parameter in the cost-effectiveness of both tests. Extrapolation to the national level suggested that an estimated $338,891 (95% CI $47,000-$1,149,000) per year is currently spent unnecessarily treating those falsely testing positive by FBAT. These findings highlight the potential for misdiagnosis using the FBAT. Furthermore, the RBT is cost-effective, and could be considered as the mainstay screening test for human brucellosis in this setting. Lastly, the treatment regimens must be harmonized to ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics for treatment.

scholarly journals The Cost-Effectiveness of HIV/STI Prevention in High-Income Countries with Concentrated Epidemic Settings: A Scoping Review

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmo Brunner ◽  
Karma Brunner ◽  
Daniel Kübler
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
High Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Sti Prevention ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Concentrated Epidemic ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe purpose of this scoping review is to establish the state of the art on economic evaluations in the field of HIV/STI prevention in high-income countries with concentrated epidemic settings and to assess what we know about the cost-effectiveness of different measures. We reviewed economic evaluations of HIV/STI prevention measures published in the Web of Science and Cost-Effectiveness Registry databases. We included a total of 157 studies focusing on structural, behavioural, and biomedical interventions, covering a variety of contexts, target populations and approaches. The majority of studies are based on mathematical modelling and demonstrate that the preventive measures under scrutiny are cost-effective. Interventions targeted at high-risk populations yield the most favourable results. The generalisability and transferability of the study results are limited due to the heterogeneity of the populations, settings and methods involved. Furthermore, the results depend heavily on modelling assumptions. Since evidence is unequally distributed, we discuss implications for future research.

Liquid ventilation: new frontiers in the treatment of ARDS

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Dirkes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Liquid Ventilation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
The Cost

At our institution, PLV continues to be used as an investigational therapy for patients with ARDS who meet the protocol criteria. Since this is the beginning of the first nonneonatal clinical trial of PLV, results of this therapy are not yet available. Adverse effects on hemodynamic parameters have not been documented in the current literature for patients treated with liquid ventilation. In addition, further clinical studies using PLV therapy will be necessary to determine whether it will significantly change the morbidity and mortality of ARDS in infants or adults. Other questions to be answered include the cost-effectiveness of using this therapy for patients with ARDS, as well as what type of program will be required to carry out this therapy. It is hoped that this type of ventilatory therapy will offer an effective, simple method of treatment for patients with ARDS in the future.

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