scholarly journals The Negative Impact of Biomass Burning and the Orinoco Low-Level Jet on the Air Quality of the Orinoco River Basin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
Ghisliane Echeverry ◽  
Alejandro Jaramillo ◽  
Luis Antonio Ladino
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Orinoco River ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Low Level Jet

Biomass burning (BB) is a common activity in developing countries and has been identified as a serious air pollution threat. The present work evaluates the air quality of the largest town in the extensive Colombian savannas (250,000 km2) for the first time, from measurements over three consecutive years (2017-2020). Although the air quality in Villavicencio is good in terms of PM10 and O3 for most of the year, the pollution levels for both pollutants exceed the World Health Organization recommended limits during the dry season (February to April). The combination of the Orinoco low-level jet (OLLJ) with the BB emissions from the Venezuelan and the Colombian savannas was identified as the main cause of the poor air quality episodes during the dry season in this city. Organic carbon derived from reanalysis was identified as the main component of the high PM10 concentrations during the dry season. However, mineral dust and sea salt particles were also found to play an important role in the poor air quality observed in Villavicencio and likely along the Orinoco river basin region. Finally, between November and March, the OLLJ was found to be an efficient mechanism for the transport of air pollutants from the Atlantic Ocean and the savannas regions in the Orinoco River Basin in Venezuela and Colombia towards southern regions of Colombia, and in some cases, Ecuador.

SCHOOL STUDENTS HEALTH PROBLEMS IN LIFE SPAN : A PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-58
Author(s):  
Binda Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
National Health ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
World Health ◽  
School Students ◽  
Health Goals ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Health Organization

There are many diseases or health issues that commonly occur among Indians like Infectious, contagious and waterborne diseases such as typhoid, infectious hepatitis, diarrhea, worm infestations, measles, whooping cough, respiratory infections, malaria, tuberculosis, pneumonia etc. India is a country which is quite infamous for its sanitation and cleanliness. The chaotic waste management system and urban planning is responsible for the overowing gutters and scattered waste. School students has to suffer a lot because of this mismanagement. To add to the poor sanitary conditions, the population load is increasing each day. This has resulted in slums and poverty. The poor and unhealthy living is the primary cause for many health disorders (Mehta, 2014). The goals of the School Students Health problems continue to focus on disease prevention and health promotion, but have areas of expanded focus. First, the goals emphasize quality of life, wellbeing, and functional capacity—all important wellness considerations. Consistent with national health goals for the new millennium, this book is designed to aid all school students adopting healthy lifestyles that will allow them to achieve lifetime health, tness and wellness. This emphasis is based on the World Health Organization statement that “It is counterproductive to evaluate development of programs without considering their impact on the quality of life of the community. School Students can no longer maintain strict, articial divisions between physical and mental well-being (World Health Organization, 1995).” Second, the new national health goals take the “bold step” of trying to “eliminate” health disparities as opposed to reducing them as outlined in Healthy School Students.

scholarly journals The impact of biomass burning and aqueous-phase processing on air quality: a multi-year source apportionment study in the Po Valley, Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Paglione ◽  
Stefania Gilardoni ◽  
Matteo Rinaldi ◽  
Stefano Decesari ◽  
Nicola Zanca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Po Valley

Abstract. The Po Valley (Italy) is a well-known air quality hotspot characterized by Particulate Matter (PM) levels well above the limit set by the European Air Quality Directive and by the World Health Organization, especially during the colder season. In the framework of the Emilia-Romagna regional project SUPERSITO, the southern Po Valley submicron aerosol chemical composition was characterized by means of High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectroscopy (HR-AMS) with the specific aim of organic aerosol (OA) characterization and source apportionment. Eight intensive observation periods (IOPs) were carried out over four years (from 2011 to 2014) at two different sites (Bologna, BO, urban background and San Pietro Capofiume, SPC, rural background), to characterize the spatial variability and seasonality of the OA sources, with a special focus on the cold season. On the multi-year basis of the study, the AMS observations show that OA accounts for an average 45 ± 8 % (ranging 33–58 %) and 46 ± 7 % (ranging 36–50 %) of the total non-refractory submicron particle mass (PM1-NR) at the urban and at the rural site, respectively. Primary organic aerosol (POA) comprises biomass burning (23 ± 13 % of OA) and fossil fuel (12 ± 7 %) contributions with a marked seasonality in concentration. As expected, the biomass burning contribution to POA is more significant at the rural site (urban/rural concentrations ratio of 0.67), but it is also an important source of POA at the urban site during the cold season, with contributions ranging from 14 to 38 % of the total OA mass. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contribute to OA mass to a much larger extent than POA at both sites throughout the year (69 ± 16 % and 83 ± 16 % at urban and rural, respectively), with important implications for public health. Within the secondary fraction of OA, the measurements highlight the importance of biomass burning ageing products during the cold season, even at the urban background site. This biomass burning SOA fraction represents 14–44 % of the total OA mass in the cold season, indicating that in this region a major contribution of combustion sources to PM mass is mediated by environmental conditions and atmospheric reactivity. Among the environmental factors controlling the formation of SOA in the Po Valley, the availability of liquid water in the aerosol was shown to play a key role in the cold season. We estimate that organic fraction originating from aqueous reactions of biomass burning products (bb-aqSOA) represents 21 % (14–28 %) and 25 % (14–35 %) of the total OA mass and 44 % (32–56 %) and 61 % (21–100 %) of the SOA mass at the urban and rural sites, respectively.

Characterizing two distinct biomass burning regimes over Southeast Asia and their impacts on regional air quality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Marvin ◽  
Paul Palmer ◽  
Fei Yao ◽  
Barry Latter ◽  
Richard Siddans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Regional Air Quality

<p>Mainland and maritime Southeast Asia is home to more than 655 million people, representing nearly 10% of the global population. The dry season in this region is typically associated with intense biomass burning activity, which leads to a significant increase in surface air pollutants that are harmful to human health, including ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and fine (radii smaller than 2.5 microns) particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>). Latitude-based differences in dry season timing and land use distinguish two regional biomass burning regimes: (1) agricultural waste burning on the peninsular mainland from February through April and (2) coastal peat burning across the equatorial islands in September and October. The type and amount of material burned determines the chemical composition of emissions and subsequently their impact on regional air quality. Understanding the individual and collective roles of these biomass burning regimes is a crucial step towards developing effective air quality mitigation strategies for Southeast Asia. Here, we use the nested GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry transport model (horizontal resolution of 0.25° x 0.3125°) to simulate fire-atmosphere interactions over Southeast Asia during March and September of 2014, when emissions peak from the two regional burning seasons. Based on our analysis of model output, we report how these two distinct biomass burning regimes impact the photochemical environment over Southeast Asia and what the resulting consequences are for surface air quality. We will also present a critical evaluation of our model using ground-based and satellite observations of atmospheric composition across the region.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Effluents on the Quality of River Rido, Kaduna- State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
Louis Buggu ◽  
Funmilayo Yusufu - Alfa ◽  
Abigail Abenu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The World ◽  
Effluent Discharge

This study examines the effect of discharged effluents on the quality of river Rido in Kaduna. Ten water samples were collected and tested for Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn). The results revealed that in  the dry season,  six heavy metals, namely As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn, presented mean values that were  higher  after the point of effluent discharge; while Cr, Fe and Pb  had lower values and Hg was not detected. In the wet season all the heavy metals tested, except Hg, increased in values after the point of effluent discharge. The values of As, Cd,  Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb after the discharge point, in dry and wet seasons, were greater than the maximum tolerable limits set by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health Organisation (WHO).  The values recorded for Zn and Cu at both dry and wet seasons were below the limit set by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), but the value of Cr was lower than the maximum tolerable limit only in the dry season.  The contamination of the river with heavy metals poses a grave danger to human health, as its water is used for diverse purposes. The wastewater treatment plant of KRPC should be rehabilitated and the wastewater can be pre-treated before it is discharged into the river.

scholarly journals Distinct wind convergence patterns due to thermal and momentum forcing of the low level jet into the Mexico City basin

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 11055-11090
Author(s):  
B. de Foy ◽  
A. Clappier ◽  
L. T. Molina ◽  
M. J. Molina
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Convergence Line ◽  
Early Afternoon ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
The City

Abstract. Mexico City lies in a high altitude basin where air quality and pollutant fate is strongly influenced by local winds. The combination of high terrain with weak synoptic forcing leads to weak and variable winds with complex circulation patterns. A low level jet entering the basin in the afternoon leads to very different wind convergence lines over the city depending on the meteorological conditions. Surface and upper-air meteorological observations are analysed during the MCMA-2003 field campaign to establish the meteorological conditions and obtain an index of the strength and timing of the jet. A mesoscale meteorological model (MM5) is used in combination with high-resolution satellite data for the land surface parameters and soil moisture maps derived from diurnal ground temperature range. A simple method to map the lines of wind convergence both in the basin and on the regional scale is used to show the different convergence patterns according to episode types. The low level jet is found to occur on most days of the campaign and is primarily due to thermal forcing which is very similar from day to day. Momentum mixing from winds aloft into the surface layer is much more variable and can determine both the strength of the jet and the pattern of the convergence zones. Northerly flows aloft lead to a weak jet with an east-west convergence line that progresses northwards in the late afternoon and early evening. Westerlies aloft lead to stronger jets and a north-south convergence line through the middle of the basin starting in the early afternoon. Improved understanding of basin meteorology will lead to better air quality forecasts for the city and better understanding of the chemical regimes in the urban atmosphere.

scholarly journals Analisis Framing Detik.com dan Kompas.com Terhadap Pemberitaan Kualitas Udara Jakarta Terburuk di Dunia

Koneksi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Nishya Gavrila ◽  
Farid Rusdi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
Treatment Recommendation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

On July 29, 2019, Jakarta's air quality was ranked first on the AirVisual.com website with the worst air quality statement in the world. According to AirVisual.com, Jakarta's Air Quality Index (AQI) stands at 188, which means the air quality in Jakarta is not healthy. On the same date, Detik.com and Kompas.com reported on the poor quality of Jakarta's air. The reason the author chose the latter is because based on the Alexa.com site, both news portals have the highest number of visitor readers in Indonesia. This study aims to determine and analyze Detik.com and Kompas.com in framing unhealthy air quality in Jakarta. The approach in this study uses a constructivist paradigm. by using Robert N. Entman's framing model that defines problems, diagnoses causes, makes moral judgment and recommendation treatment. From the results of this study, Detik.com further explained the response of Anies Baswedan regarding poor air quality in Jakarta, while on Kompas.com that poor air quality in Jakarta was a challenge for the government and the government could be convicted if it continued. Pada tanggal 29 Juli 2019, kualitas udara Jakarta menempati peringkat pertama di situs AirVisual.com dengan pernyataan kualitas udara terburuk di dunia. Menurut AirVisual.com, Air Quality Index (AQI) Jakarta berada pada angka angka 188, yang artinya kualitas udara di Jakarta tidak sehat. Pada tanggal yang sama Detik.com dan Kompas.com memberitakan tentang buruknya kualitas udara Jakarta. Alasan penulis memilih kedua tersebut karena berdasarkan situs Alexa.com, kedua portal berita tersebut memiliki jumlah pengunjung pembaca terbanyak di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis Detik.com dan Kompas.com dalam membingkai kualitas udara di Jakarta yang tidak sehat.Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini memakai paradigma konstruktivis, dengan menggunakan framing model Robert N. Entman yakni define problems, diagnose cause, make moral judgement dan treatment recommendation. Dari hasil penelitian ini, Detik.com lebih menjelaskan tanggapan dari Anies Baswedan terkait buruknya kualitas udara Jakarta, sementara pada Kompas.com bahwa buruknya kualitas udara di Jakarta merupakan tantangan pemerintah dan pemerintah bisa dipidana jika terus dibiarkan.

scholarly journals DALY indicator as an assessment tool for indoor air quality impact on human health

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 00133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Wysocka
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Artificial Environment ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact

The quality of indoor environment is an extremely important issue, because people spend large parts of the day inside buildings. The quality of the indoor environment is largely dependent on the quality of indoor air. The parameters of the air we breathe affect our health and comfort of room use. Currently, when energy efficiency is a priority, it is difficult to maintain comfort and conditions appropriate for human health. The artificial environment in a room and related inadequate air quality cause many diseases, such as asthma, lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, as well as poor well-being and reduced productivity. The Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) indicator means “loss of life corrected by disability” and is widely used by the World Health Organization to measure a disease burden on the population and identify the causes of a disease. The aim of the article is to present the structure of the DALY indicator and its suitability to assess the impact of indoor air quality on human health. The most frequent diseases caused by low quality of internal air were analysed based on statistical data. In addition, the possibilities of ventilation solutions have been presented, leading to the improvement of air quality in indoor environment.

scholarly journals On the Relationship of a Low-Level Jet and the Formation of a Heavy-Rainfall-Producing Mesoscale Vortex over the Yangtze River Basin

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Shen-Ming Fu ◽  
Huan Tang ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
Hui Ma ◽  
Jian-Hua Sun
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Cyclonic Vorticity ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Yangtze River Basin ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
Vorticity Transport

Dabie vortices (DBVs) are a type of heavy-rainfall-producing mesoscale vortices that appear with a high frequency around the Dabie Mountain over the Yangtze River Basin. For a long time, scholars have found that DBVs tend to form when a low-level jet (LLJ) appears in their neighboring regions. However, the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon still remain vague. This study furthers the understanding of this type of event by conducting detailed analyses on a long-lived eastward-moving DBV that caused a severe flood in the 2020 summer. It is found that the LLJ in this event was belonged to a nocturnal LLJ type, with its maximum/minimum appeared around 2100/0600 UTC. The diurnal cycle of LLJ affected precipitation and intensity of the DBV notably: As the LLJ intensified, vortex’s precipitation and intensity both enhanced, and vice versa. The LLJ exerted two effects on the DBV’s formation that are opposite to each other. The more important effect is that the LLJ caused intense lower-level convergence around its northern terminus. This convergence directly produced cyclonic vorticity through vertical stretching, which dominates the DBV’s formation and enhances the convection-related upward cyclonic vorticity transport that acted as another favorable factor. The less important effect is that (i) the LLJ induced import of anticyclonic vorticity into the vortex’s central region, which decelerated the DBV’s formation; and (ii) the LLJ-related to strong ascending motions tilted horizontal vorticity into negative vertical vorticity, which reduced the growth rate of cyclonic vorticity.

scholarly journals Water quality of the Grijalva river in the Chiapas and Tabasco border

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Musalem-Castillejos ◽  
Rafael Laino-Guanes ◽  
Ricardo Bello-Mendoza ◽  
Mario González-Espinoza ◽  
Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Classi Cation ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

The objective was to characterize water quality for a section of the Grijalva River and its tributaries, for rainy and dry season in the border of the States of Chiapas and Tabasco. 23 physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined and compared with the Mexican norm NOM-127-SSA1-1994 which establishes water quality maximum permissible limits for use and human consumption and with the water quality classi cation scale proposed by the Comisión Nacional del Agua. Water quality of the Grijalva River in the studied section and tributaries, also locally named Almandros river, decreases as it descends to more populated areas of Tabasco. Water turbidity and high levels of coliforms and Escherichia are the main problems associated with the rivers of the studied area, even in water sources destined for human consumption. Other studied parameters have acceptable water quality mainly during the dry season, except for Mercury, which showed higher levels than the recommended by the norm in all sampling sites. The need to further study presence of Mercury in the Grijalva River basin is suggested. 

scholarly journals Assessment of streamflows in the Hornád river basin and analysis of trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 1209 (1) ◽  
pp. 012022
Author(s):  
P Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Time Series ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Surface And Groundwater ◽  
Daily Flows

Abstract Climate change is a global phenomenon. The more frequent occurrence of dry periods, which last longer but also extreme rainfall, needs to be reduced for better water management. During the dry season, the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater decreases. Water is important for agriculture, agriculture and ecosystems. This study was focused on the occurrence of trends in daily flows in the Hornád basin at selected hydrological stations for the period 1960-2011. The Mann-Kendall trend test is used to evaluate trends in hydrometeorological time series.

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