Acid steatocrit in the first 2 years of life: diagnostic accuracy and reference limits

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Mirosława Wieczorek-Filipiak ◽  
Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż ◽  
Dariusz Walkowiak ◽  
Jarosław Szydłowski ◽  
Anna Miśkiewicz-Chotnicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Established Method ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Reference Limits ◽  
Acid Steatocrit

Introduction. The measurement of acid steatocrit (AS) is an established method to assess faecal fat balance. However, data regarding AS in healthy infants and toddlers are sparse. Aim. This study aimed to determine the range of normal values for AS in the first two years of life and evaluate the correlations with other faecal fat balance tests.Material and Methods. AS (%) was assessed by 72-hour stool collection in 160 children aged 1–24 months (8 groups of 20: aged 1–3, 4–6 months, etc.).Results. AS was higher in infants < 6 months than in those aged 7–12, 13–18 and 19–24 months (p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The correlations between AS and age and faecal fat concentration (FFC) were statistically significant, but moderate or weak (r = -0.48, p < 0.0001; r = 0.28, p < 0.001, respectively). A 90th/95th percentile nomogram of AS was created based on these results, with values ranging from 23.6/23.9% at 1 month to 12.1/12.9% at 24 months. Conclusions. Healthy infants have a significantly higher AS than older children. For this reason, we propose an upper limits nomogram, providing detailed reference values for infants and children in their first two years of life. However, it should be noted that AS does not reflect adequately FFE and FFC in this population.

Reference Values for Transverse Cerebellar Diameter Throughout Gestation

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halit Pinar ◽  
Sarah H. Burke ◽  
Carol W. Huang ◽  
Don B. Singer ◽  
C. James Sung
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Reliable Parameter ◽  
Gestational Week ◽  
Duration Of Gestation

The transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is well established in the ultrasound literature as a reliable parameter for estimating the duration of gestation. In cases of growth restriction the cerebellum is usually spared, making TCD a reliable indicator of gestational age even when other parameters fall off the appropriate growth curve. The purpose of this study is to establish normal values for the transverse diameter of the cerebellum in pathology specimens, and to determine if these values correlate with those obtained by ultrasound. We examined 96 specimens ranging from 14 to 42 weeks gestational age and found that our values correlate well with those published in the ultrasound literature. Mean TCD with 2 standard deviations for each gestational week were determined as reference values.

Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis in Infants

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 180-184
Author(s):  
Lesley Rees
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Enteral Feeding ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Healthy Infants

Although the numbers of infants requiring dialysis are small, management of these patients presents many challenges. Mortality is high in infants with comorbidities, complications of dialysis are common, and most of these infants need enteral feeding. However, the long-term outcome for otherwise healthy infants is comparable to that for older children.

GLUTAMIC OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND OTHER NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114
Author(s):  
E. G. Murphy ◽  
Morris M. Cherniak
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Neuromuscular Disorders ◽  
Transaminase Activity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Younger Child ◽  
Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Group A

Serum activities of the enzyme glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were measured in 57 infants and children with various neuromuscular disorders. High values were obtained in 20 out of 32 patients with the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy. The 12 cases with normal or borderline activities were mainly older children usually with advanced disease. Of the 10 patients with other varieties of muscular dystrophy, all but one had normal values. Normal values were invariably present in primary neuropathies. In the polymyositic group a small series of five cases had normal or borderline activities. The measurement of activity of this enzyme in the serum is a useful diagnostic aid in neuromuscular disorders, particularly in the younger child.

CIRCADIAN PERIODICITY OF BLOOD AMINO ACIDS IN THE NEONATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 782-791
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Feigin ◽  
Morey W. Haymond
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Plasma Tyrosine

Blood amino acids were obtained every 4 hours for 24 hours from 46 full-term infants who were between 1 hour and 120 hours of age when first sampled. Blood was also obtained at 0400 and 1200 hours on the same day from 10 additional infants, aged 48 to 72 hours at the time of study, for more detailed analysis of individual blood amino acids. Periodicity of total blood amino acids was demonstrated as early as the first day of life in some infants. This blood amino acid rhythmicity was similar but not identical to that previously observed in adults and older children. Concentrations of blood amino acids were minimal at 0400 hours and peaked between 1200 and 2000 hours. Periodicity of individual blood amino acids was similar to that for total blood amino acids but much less consistent. The presence of periodicity for plasma tyrosine was demonstrable even in two patients with neonatal tyrosinemia. Since plasma amino acids vary normally as a function of time, "normal values" must be standardized for time of day.

Reference values of left atrial size and function according to age: should we redefine the normal upper limits?

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio D’Ascenzi ◽  
Pietro Piu ◽  
Valentina Capone ◽  
Carlotta Sciaccaluga ◽  
Marco Solari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Left Atrial Size ◽  
Atrial Size ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
And Function

Why are Mongolian Infants Treated Like ‘Kings’?

Inner Asia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aude Michelet
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Privileged Status ◽  
Daily Interactions ◽  
Children In The Middle

As infants and toddlers, Mongolian children grow up as the centre of attention in their home, promptly taken care of and tenderly indulged. In this paper, I seek to explain why young children in the middle Gobi enjoy a privileged status, in contrast with their status as older children. I show how the physical, emotional and moral peculiarities of infants’ and toddlers’ personhood converge in conferring upon them ‘kingly’ prerogatives. I then examine what leads to their loss of privileges, as they grow older. Unlike most studies examining the changes of status that children undergo, I do not focus on rites de passage, but analyse daily interactions. The loss of young children’s privileges occurs according to different timelines for each aspect of their personhood, while the prerogatives enjoyed by young children also reoccur at different periods in life, thus inviting us to reconsider what is meant by infancy as a discrete stage.

scholarly journals Investigation of cerebrospinal fluid electrolytes and acid-base expressions in Asian adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang-Ping Yu ◽  
Chia-Chih Liao ◽  
Jiun-Ting Yeh ◽  
Allen Li ◽  
Fu Chao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Small Difference ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Clinical Trials Registry ◽  
Tension Analysis

Abstract Background: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters helps clinicians identify patients with central nervous system (CNS) disease. In previous literature, reference values for CSF may be based on patients who were not truly healthy, other species, or outdated information. In the present study, we performed lumbar puncture in patients requiring spinal anesthesia by a reasonable indication to evaluate CSF parameters in healthy adults. Methods: All patients between the ages of 20 and 70 years scheduled for elective orthopedic or urologic surgery requiring spinal anesthesia were enrolled in this study. We measured electrolytes and gas tension analysis in CSF and whole blood samples in adult humans. Results: A total of 28 patients were included with an average age of 44.2 years. The pH of blood and CSF were both neutral, but it was slightly lower in blood. The concentration of Na+ in blood was slightly lower compared with that in CSF. There were significantly higher levels of K+ and Ca2+ in the blood compared with CSF. Significantly lower levels of Cl- and Mg2+ in the blood were observed compared with CSF. The glucose level of CSF was about half of that in blood. Conclusions: We provided updated reference values for various solutes in blood and CSF in adults. Although normal CSF constituents are quite similar to that of blood, there is still a small difference in normal values between them. Analysis of CSF parameters and relevant paired blood samples is highly informative, helping clinicians diagnose a variety of CNS diseases. Trial registration: This present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Taiwan (approval number: 201600122A3), and is registered under Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03725709).

Improved agreement between N2 and SF6 multiple breath washout in healthy infants and toddlers with improved EXHALYZER D® sensor performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikke Mulvad Sandvik ◽  
Per Magnus Gustafsson ◽  
Anders Lindblad ◽  
Paul David Robinson ◽  
Kim Gjerum Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Sulphur Hexafluoride ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Multiple Breath Washout ◽  
Residual Capacity

Introduction: Recent studies indicate limited utility of nitrogen multiple breath washout (N2MBW) in infancy and advocate for using sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)MBW in this age group. Modern N2MBW systems, such as EXHALYZER D® (ECO MEDICS AG, Duernten, Switzerland), use O2 and CO2 sensors to calculate N2 concentrations (in principle: N2%=100-CO2%-O2%). High O2 and CO2 concentrations have now been shown to significantly suppress signal output from the other sensor, raising apparent N2 concentrations. We examined whether improved Exhalyzer D® N2-signal, accomplished after thorough examination of this CO2 and O2 interaction on gas sensors and its correction, leads to better agreement between N2MBW and SF6MBW in healthy infants and toddlers. Method: Within the same session 52 healthy children aged 1-36 months (mean 1.30 (SD 0.72) years) completed SF6MBW and N2MBW recordings (EXHALYZER D®, SPIROWARE® version 3.2.1) during supine quiet sleep. SF6 and N2 SPIROWARE® files were re-analyzed off-line with in-house software using identical algorithms as in SPIROWARE® with or without application of the new correction factors for N2MBW provided by ECO MEDICS AG. Results Applying the improved N2-signal significantly reduced mean (95% CI) differences between N2- and SF6MBW recorded functional residual capacity (FRC) and lung clearance index (LCI): for FRC, from 26.1 (21.0; 31.2) mL p<0.0001 to 1.18 (-2.3; 4.5) mL p=0.5, and for LCI, from 1.86 (1.68; 2.02) p<0.001 to 0.44 (0.33; 0.55) p<0.001. Conclusion: Correction of N2-signal, for CO2 and O2 interactions on gas sensors resulted in markedly closer agreement between N2MBW and SF6MBW outcomes in healthy infants and toddlers.

Metabolic Fuel and Hormone Responses to Fasting in Newborn Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-619
Author(s):  
Charles A. Stanley ◽  
Endla K. Anday ◽  
Lester Baker ◽  
Maria Delivoria-Papadopolous
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Metabolic Fuel ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Lower Plasma Glucose ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age

To examine why newborn infants frequently cannot maintain adequate levels of plasma glucose in the interval between delivery and the time they are first fed, circulating metabolic fuel and regulatory hormone concentrations were determined in 44 healthy infants at the end of an eight-hour postnatal fast. Plasma glucose fell below 40 mg/100 ml prior to eight hours in four of 24 term-appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), two of nine preterm-AGA, five of six term-small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and three of five preterm-SGA infants. Fuel and hormone patterns in the premature and SGA infants were not different from those found in term-AGA infants. Results in these neonates differed in two areas from the response to fasting seen later in life. In fasted term-AGA infants, ketones were low (β-hydroxybutyrate 0.29 ± 0.04 mM/liter) despite elevated concentrations of fatty acid precursors (1.4 ± 0.07 mM/liter), and the group of infants studied failed to demonstrate the increase in plasma ketones with lower glucose levels (r = +.23, P = .07) which is found in older children. Levels of glucose precursors were two to three times higher in term-AGA infants (lactate 2.9 ± 0.2 mM/liter; alanine 0.48 ± 0.02 mM/liter) than levels found beyond the neonatal period and, in contrast to older children and adults, were not diminished in infants with lower plasma glucose (lactate, r = -.28, P = .035; alanine, r = -.33, P = .02). These differences between the responses to postnatal fasting and those seen beyond the neonatal period suggest that the capacity for both hepatic ketone synthesis and gluconeogenesis is not fully developed at birth.

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