scholarly journals Más allá de la rehabilitación en una obra emblemática: monitorización de las cubiertas del hipódromo de la Zarzuela = Beyond the rehabilitation in an emblematic work: monitoring the decks of the Zarzuela racecourse

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Martínez ◽  
Ángel Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Measurement Monitoring ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Non Destructive

Resumen El hipódromo de la Zarzuela, declarado patrimonio histórico nacional, fue construido en Madrid en los años 40, y es una obra del Ingeniero Eduardo Torroja y los arquitectos Arniches y Domínguez. Las cubiertas de su estructura son consideradas un arte desde el punto de vista ingenieril. A pesar del perfecto y genial equilibrio físico y mecánico, se iniciaron procesos físicos y físico-químicos de deterioro en su composición debido al largo periodo de exposición de la estructura a la acción climática y al ataque de los agentes agresivos atmosféricos, entre los cuales se destaca como principal patología la corrosión por carbonatación de su armadura embebida. Dada la importancia de la obra desde el punto de vista artístico, histórico y de seguridad, las autoridades correspondientes decidieron su rehabilitación. En este proyecto de reparación se contempló la instalación de un sistema de monitorización de medidas continuas, mediante sensores electroquímicos pasivos, capaces de indicar el riesgo de corrosión en la armadura embebida de la estructura. De este modo, es posible controlar el comportamiento del material frente a la interacción con la acción atmosférica y prever la posible necesidad de intervenciones de mantenimiento, evitando el avance del deterioro con rapidez y garantías. La implementación de la monitorización requirió de una evaluación mediante técnicas electroquímicas no-destructivas del grado de deterioro previo a la intervención, para poder estudiar la evolución del comportamiento de la estructura después de la reparación. En el presente trabajo, se presentan los resultados obtenidos tanto en la evaluación electroquímica previa en las cubiertas del Hipódromo de la Zarzuela, como su posterior monitorización durante casi 10 años. Se presenta también la viabilidad del sistema de monitorización y su fiabilidad con el tiempo. Abstract La Zarzuela racecourse, declared a national historical heritage, was built in Madrid in the 1940s, and is a work by EngineerEduardo Torroja and the architects Arniches and Domínguez. The covers of its structure are considered an art from the engineeringpoint of view. Despite the perfect and ingenious physical and mechanical balance, physical and physical-chemical processes ofdeterioration in its composition were initiated due to the long period of exposure of the structure to climatic action and the attack ofaggressive atmospheric agents, among which the main pathology is the corrosion by carbonation of its embedded armor. Given theimportance of the work from the artistic, historical and security point of view, the corresponding authorities decided on itsrehabilitation. In this repair project, the installation of a continuous measurement monitoring system was contemplated, using passiveelectrochemical sensors, capable of indicating the risk of corrosion in the structure's embedded reinforcement. In this way, it is possibleto control the behavior of the material against the interaction with atmospheric action and to foresee the possible need for maintenanceinterventions, avoiding the advance of deterioration with speed and guarantees. The implementation of the monitoring required anevaluation by non-destructive electrochemical techniques of the degree of deterioration prior to the intervention, in order to study theevolution of the behavior of the structure after the repair. In the present work, the results obtained in the previous electrochemicalevaluation on the decks of the Hipódromo de la Zarzuela are presented, as well as their subsequent monitoring for almost 10 years.The viability of the monitoring system and its reliability over time are also presented.

The growth of mica polytypes as studied by conventional and high-resolution TEM

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 174-177
Author(s):  
A. Baronnet ◽  
M. Amouric
Keyword(s):  
Water Pressure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Long Period ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Layer Stacking ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Potential Use

The origin of mica polytypes has long been a challenging problem for crystal- lographers, mineralogists and petrologists. From the petrological point of view, interest in this field arose from the potential use of layer stacking data to furnish further informations about equilibrium and/or kinetic conditions prevailing during the crystallization of the widespread mica-bearing rocks. From the compilation of previous experimental works dealing with the occurrence domains of the various mica "polymorphs" (1Mr, 1M, 2M1, 2M2 and 3T) within water-pressure vs temperature fields, it became clear that most of these modifications should be considered as metastable for a fixed mica species. Furthermore, the natural occurrence of long-period (or complex) polytypes could not be accounted for by phase considerations. This highlighted the need of a more detailed kinetic approach of the problem and, in particular, of the role growth mechanisms of basal faces could play in this crystallographic phenomenon.

scholarly journals Electrodegradation of Acid Mixture Dye through the Employment of Cu/Fe Macro-Corrosion Galvanic Cell in Na2SO4 Synthetic Wastewater

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4580
Author(s):  
Mateusz Kuczyński ◽  
Mateusz Łuba ◽  
Tomasz Mikołajczyk ◽  
Bogusław Pierożyński ◽  
Agnieszka Jasiecka-Mikołajczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Galvanic Cell ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Ac Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Wastewater Purification ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Iron Anode ◽  
Biological Methods

Traditional wastewater purification processes are based on a combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods; however, typical electrochemical techniques for removing pollutants require large amounts of electrical energy. In this study, we report on a process of wastewater purification, through continuous anodic dissolution of iron anode for aerated Cu/Fe galvanic cell in synthetic Na2SO4 wastewater solution. Electrochemical experiments were conducted by means of a laboratory size electrolyzer, where electrocoagulation along with electrooxidation phenomena were examined for wastewater containing Acid Mixture dye. The above was visualized through the employment of electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy techniques) along with instrumental spectroscopy analyses.

scholarly journals Rock Emissivity Measurement for Infrared Thermography Engineering Geological Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3773
Author(s):  
Simone Mineo ◽  
Giovanna Pappalardo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Ornamental Stones ◽  
Emissivity Measurement ◽  
Laboratory Tool ◽  
Non Destructive

Infrared thermography is a growing technology in the engineering geological field both for the remote survey of rock masses and as a laboratory tool for the non-destructive characterization of intact rock. In this latter case, its utility can be found either from a qualitative point of view, highlighting thermal contrasts on the rock surface, or from a quantitative point of view, involving the study of the surface temperature variations. Since the surface temperature of an object is proportional to its emissivity, the knowledge of this last value is crucial for the correct calibration of the instrument and for the achievement of reliable thermal outcomes. Although rock emissivity can be measured according to specific procedures, there is not always the time or possibility to carry out such measurements. Therefore, referring to reliable literature values is useful. In this frame, this paper aims at providing reference emissivity values belonging to 15 rock types among sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic categories, which underwent laboratory emissivity estimation by employing a high-sensitivity thermal camera. The results show that rocks can be defined as “emitters”, with emissivity generally ranging from 0.89 to 0.99. Such variability arises from both their intrinsic properties, such as the presence of pores and the different thermal behavior of minerals, and the surface conditions, such as polishing treatments for ornamental stones. The resulting emissivity values are reported and commented on herein for each different studied lithology, thus providing not only a reference dataset for practical use, but also laying the foundation for further scientific studies, also aimed at widening the rock aspects to investigate through IRT.

scholarly journals Hybrid Manufacturing based on the combination of Mechanical and Electro Physical–Chemical Processes

Procedia CIRP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 649-661
Author(s):  
Bert Lauwers ◽  
Nataliia Chernovol ◽  
Benjamin Peeters ◽  
Dries Van Camp ◽  
Thomas Van Riel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Hybrid Manufacturing ◽  
Physical Chemical

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF SOLID PARTICLES UNDER THE ACTION OF AN ACOUSTIC FIELD / SKYSTYJE ESANČIŲ KIETŲJŲ DALELIŲ SĄVEIKOS AKUSTINIAME LAUKE TYRIMAS

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-658
Author(s):  
Egidijus Mykolaitis ◽  
Andrius Styra ◽  
Vladas Vekteris
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Acoustic Field ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Physical Chemical

Iron is one of the most common elements in ground water. Bythe HN 24:2003 iron concentration in water can‘t be higher than200 μg/l. Water treatment with an acoustic field is a very relevanttopic. Acoustic field is widely used in industrion, medicine,chemical industry and manufacturing. When water is affectedby ultrasound, physical-chemical processes begin. Ultrasoundvibrations lead to dispersion, degasation and coagulation. Ironparticles connect to each other when distance between them istwo times bigger then their own radius. R = 2R. And if thisprocess continues particles connect one by one. In this article teststand and methodics using ultrasonic piezoceramic are shown. Santrauka Geležis – dažniausiai požeminiuose vandenyse aptinkama priemaiša, kuri prastina geriamojo vandens savybes, todėl būtina bendrosios geležies koncentraciją sumažinti iki 0,2 mg/l. Vienas iš geležies šalinimo būdu yra paremtas ultragarso panaudojimu. Straipsnyje glaustai aptarti bendrosios geležies būviai vandenyje, jos šalinimo metodai ir pateikta eksperimentinė metodika. Eksperimentas atliktas naudojant skirtingų dažnių garso bangas nuo 8 kHz iki 20 kHz diapazone. Akustinio lauko daromai įtakai nustatyti, naudojant skirtingų dažnių garso bangas, buvo panaudoti trys skirtingi vandens debitai. Iš gautų rezultatų suformuluotos išvados.

Use of Wood Biomass in Slovakia

2014 ◽  
Vol 1001 ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Tomáš Bakalár ◽  
Henrieta Pavolová ◽  
Milan Búgel ◽  
Ľubica Kozáková
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Thermochemical Processes

Biomass is organic material, the second most important source of energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source. Wood biomass is used as source of energy for heating in many regions in Slovakia. It is because of its availability. Wood biomass is an easily accessible and affordable source of energy. At present, thermochemical processes, biochemical processes and physical-chemical processes are used for biomass utilization. In the article a suitable technology for combustion of wood chips is proposed. It consists of five main technological parts: transport of wood chips, silo, combustion boiler, and stack.

History: changing the forms or forming the changes?

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
SVEND ERIK LARSEN
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Vitruvian Man ◽  
Human Responsibility ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Human

Change in European cultural history has, for a long period, been discussed through two interrelated notions, that of science and that of history. This paper traces the various stages of this discussion from Antiquity to the present day from the point of view of history. Two reoccurring and paradigmatic characters of mythological descent, Odysseus and Prometheus, illustrate how history as a realm for human responsibility and future planning has established itself as a specific European construct, with the 18th century as its final breakthrough in practical and ideological terms. A close analysis of Leonardo da Vinci's drawing the Vitruvian Man, in statu nascendi, shows how the individual human being carrying the obligations and the promises of this history, is envisioned. The final remarks underline the importance of scientific knowledge in the concrete shaping of this responsibility and a plea for an increased cooperation across the disciplines.

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