A plaidoyer for the unique tourism accounts (dilemmas, difficulties and questions)

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-293
Author(s):  
Vladimir Stipetić

Tourism is recognised as an important economic, social and cultural factor in modern societies. However, statisticians still face an enormous challenge when it comes to measuring the economic importance of tourism for given national economy. In his paper author examines the position of tourism in European System of Accounts (acronym ESA), from 1995. He comes to the conclusion that is impossible to get the full answers on the importance of tourism for the given national economy within those frameworks. The main reason for such conclusion he has found in the fact that tourism is the multifacet activity, with difficult concept to define, let alone measure. He gets the proof for his conclusion by comparing the different methodologies for defining who is the tourist, finding in application at the moment six different criteria’s. The results obtained are, of course, differing considerably, what makes them strictly incompatibles. The comparison of such data's is for that reason difficult to make and when made comparative results are of limited use. Author advocates a need to make on international level a Unified Tourism Economic Account (UTEA), covering the main activities of tourism sector. He regards the existing work by OECD and WTO as a good basis for further work. Only when majority countries would make UTEA, based on accepted methodology, could be the cross-country comparison made on scientific basis.

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Vladimir Stipetić

Tourism is recognised as an important economic, social and cultural factor in modem societies. However, statisticians still face an enormous challenge when it comes to measuring the economic importance of tourism for given national economy. In his paper author examines the position of tourism in System of National Accounts (SNA-as presented in the version from 1993) and in European System of Accounts (acronym ESA, from 1995). He comes to the conclusion that is impossible to get the full answers on the importance of tourism for the given national economy within those frameworks. The main reason for such conclusion he has found in the fact that tourism is the multifacet activity, with difficult concept to define, let alone measure. He gets the proof for his conclusion comparing the different methodologies for defining who is the tourist, finding six different criterias in application at the moment. The results obtained are, of course, differing considerably, what makes them strictly incompatibles. The comparison of such data is for that reason difficult to make and the comparative results are of limited use. Author advocates a need to make on international level a Unified Tourism Economic Account (UTEA), covering the main activities of tourism sector. He regards the existing work by OECD and WTO as a good basis for further work. Only when majority countries would make UTEA, based on accepted methodology, could be the cross-country comparison made on scientific basis.


2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-528
Author(s):  
V. V. Yavorska ◽  
I. V. Hevko ◽  
V. A. Sych ◽  
K. V. Kolomiyets

The article deals with the main periods of formation of views on the territorial organization of recreation and tourism from the moment of the establishment of tourism as an independent sphere of activity to the present. It is stressed that a great deal of scientific works are devoted to the territorial organization of recreation and tourism, which has a hierarchical multilevel structure with a system of various connections. The purpose of this study is to periodize the scientific approaches to the territorial organization of recreation and tourism, as well as to identify current trends in this field. It was established that the first period is based on the understanding of tourism as a systemic phenomenon, during this period the concept of territorial recreational systems was developed, and at the same time, the basis of the study of the causes of territorially uneven development of tourism was laid. At this stage, researchers began to pay more attention to the role of behaviour, and to general psychological factors that motivate potential consumers of tourist products, to the perception oftourists of destinations. The second period is characterized by the spread of the concept of tourist destination and the beginning of the use of clusters in the tourism sector. The third period is marked by the center-peripheral model of tourism development, the possibility of transformation of the territorial organization of tourism through globalization processes, the emphasis on the environmental components of tourism activity. The most developed means of organizing a territory is recreation and tourism zoning, which traditionally serves as the scientific basis of territorial planning and tourism complex management, and is important in the implementation of tourism infrastructure development programmes. Among the current trends in the spatial organization of tourism activities the process of clusterization is noted, which spatially occurs both on the local and global levels. One of the characteristicfeatures of the cluster as the concentration of interacting and simultaneously competing enterprises is the developed network of horizontal ties, the importance of cooperation at different levels for synergetic effect. It is determined that the characteristic feature of the recreational-tourist cluster is not only the complementarity of the enterprises belonging to it, but also the impossibility of operating them outside the recreational and tourist sphere.


Author(s):  
Elena V. Zenkina ◽  

The article presents a review of the evolution in approaches to assessing the countries sustainable development in the world and Russian practice. The presented research includes an analysis of the world practice assessment for the effectiveness in sustainable development, relevant methodologies, indicators and their modifications in modern conditions. The author characterizes the current issues in developing indicators for measuring the sustainable state of countries with different levels of development. She also highlights difficulties in the cross-country comparison of those indicators and considers the most important aspects of the sustainable development assessment, such as indicators and investments. The main directions and approaches to the sustainable development assessment for Russia are determined at the current trends of the national economy development.


2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Patterson ◽  
William A. Gentry ◽  
Sarah A. Stawiski ◽  
David C. Gilmore

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Skivenes ◽  
Jill Berrick ◽  
Tarja Poso ◽  
Sue Peckover

Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Neganov ◽  
◽  
Victor M. Varshitsky ◽  
Andrey A. Belkin ◽  
◽  
...  

The article contains the comparative results of the experimental and calculated research of the strength of a pipeline with such defects as “metal loss” and “dent with groove”. Two coils with diameter of 820 mm and the thickness of 9 mm of 19G steel were used for full-scale pipe sample production. One of the coils was intentionally damaged by machining, which resulted in “metal loss” defect, the other one was dented (by press machine) and got groove mark (by chisel). The testing of pipe samples was performed by applying static internal pressure to the moment of collapse. The calculation of deterioration pressure was carried out with the use of national and foreign methodical approaches. The calculated values of collapsing pressure for the pipe with loss of metal mainly coincided with the calculation experiment results based on Russian method and ASME B31G. In case of pipe with dent and groove the calculated value of collapsing pressure demonstrated greater coincidence with Russian method and to a lesser extent with API 579/ASME FFS-1. In whole, all calculation methods demonstrate sufficient stability of results, which provides reliable operation of pipelines with defects.


Author(s):  
Дмитрий Валериевич Судаков ◽  
Олег Валериевич Судаков ◽  
Людмила Валентиновна Кретинина ◽  
Наталья Владимировна Якушева ◽  
Артём Николаевич Шевцов

Статья посвящена построению прогноза эффективности реконструктивных вмешательств на магистральных нервах предплечья в зависимости от протяженности дефекта нервной ткани и особенностей последующего периода реабилитации пациентов. Данная тематика является весьма актуальной, так как с каждым годом во всем мире наблюдается определенный рост случаев травм различного генеза магистральных нервных стволов, которые затем нередко приводят к временной нетрудоспособности и даже инвалидности пациентов. Реконструктивная микрохирургия многие десятилетия пытается решить целый ряд проблем аутотрансплантации нервных стволов и повысить ее общую эффективность. Но из-за определенных проблем связанных с финансированием, некоторые вопросы трансплантологии и реабилитации остаются нерешенными и в настоящий момент. Все это придает представленной работе важное значение не только медицинского, но и социально - экономического плана. Целью работы стала попытка построения прогноза восстановительных операций на нервной ткани, с учетом объема пораженных структур и периода реабилитации. Объектами исследования стало 180 больных, которым по той или иной причине, осуществлялась реконструктивная операция на одном из магистральных нервов предплечья. Все пациенты были разделены на 3 группы по 60 человек, в зависимости от протяженности дефекта магистрального нерва: до 4 см, от 4 до 8 см и от 8 до 12 см. Последующее разделение внутри каждой группы на подгруппы производилось в зависимости от определенного поврежденного нерва (лучевой, локтевой, срединный). В работе изучалось течение раннего послеоперационного воспалительного процесса, с определением бактериальной микрофлоры в ране. Изучались и отдаленные последствия оперативного вмешательства. Своеобразной новизной для данной тематики в целом, стало выявление последующего установления инвалидности пациентов. Кроме того, важные данные были получены и по срокам реабилитации и частичного или полного восстановления утраченных функций по срокам в зависимости от размеров восстанавливаемого дефекта и от наличия или отсутствия необходимой реабилитации. Полученные в работе данные могут представлять интерес не только для врачей хирургов и травматологов, но и для организаторов здравоохранения, позволяя производить прогнозы по выздоровлению пациентов в каждой определенной клинической ситуации The article is devoted to the construction of a forecast of the effectiveness of reconstructive interventions on the main nerves of the forearm, depending on the length of the defect in the nervous tissue and the characteristics of the subsequent period of rehabilitation of patients. This topic is very relevant, since every year all over the world there is a certain increase in cases of injuries of various origins of the main nerve trunks, which then often lead to temporary disability and even disability of patients. For many decades, reconstructive microsurgery has been trying to solve a number of problems of autotransplantation of nerve trunks and improve its overall efficiency. But due to certain problems associated with funding, some issues of transplantation and rehabilitation remain unresolved at the moment. All this gives the presented work important not only medical, but also socio - economic importance. The aim of this work was to attempt to predict restorative operations on the nervous tissue, taking into account the volume of the affected structures and the period of rehabilitation. The objects of the study were 180 patients who, for one reason or another, underwent a reconstructive operation on one of the main nerves of the forearm. All patients were divided into 3 groups of 60 people, depending on the length of the main nerve defect: up to 4 cm, from 4 to 8 cm, and from 8 to 12 cm. Subsequent division within each group into subgroups was performed depending on the specific damaged nerve ( radial, ulnar, median). The work studied the course of the early postoperative inflammatory process, with the determination of bacterial microflora in the wound. The long-term consequences of surgery were also studied. A peculiar novelty for this topic as a whole was the identification of the subsequent establishment of disability in patients. In addition, important data were obtained on the timing of rehabilitation and partial or complete restoration of lost functions in terms of timing, depending on the size of the restored defect and on the presence or absence of the necessary rehabilitation. The data obtained in this work may be of interest not only for surgeons and traumatologists, but also for healthcare organizers, allowing them to make predictions about the recovery of patients in each specific clinical situation


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