scholarly journals Hype or Horror – Potentials and Hurdles of Blockchain Technology based on Legal Framework Conditions in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean D’amour Rukundo
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Framework Conditions

Registration requirements according to the TVTG (aka the Token Act/Blockchain Act)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-568
Author(s):  
Thomas Nägele
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Technology Service ◽  
Framework Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Economic Use

Abstract The examination of the economic use of blockchain technology and the impact of the so-called token-based economy have enjoyed great popularity in Liechtenstein in recent years. The legal aspect of tokenized structures and assets was a major challenge for the legislator. In order to ensure a solid legal framework and legal certainty for entrepreneurs and users, the Liechtenstein parliament passed the Tokens and Trusted Technology Service Providers Act (“TVTG”). For the first time, a nation has regulated this emerging future market through comprehensive legislation and offers companies optimal framework conditions. The TVTG has been in force since 1 January 2020. This article seeks to outline the legal background for the registration requirements for Trustworthy Technology Service Providers.

Comparison of single-stage and two-stage activated sludge processes for the expansion of the Innsbruck WWTP

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Winkler ◽  
W. Widmann
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Framework Conditions ◽  
Optimum Solution ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes ◽  
Construction Works

A modification of the legal framework conditions shortly prior to the commencement of the construction works in the course of the expansion of the Innsbruck WWTP, necessitated a design adaptation for the new effluent standards to be met. The time pressure and doubts whether the initially chosen AB process did in fact constitute the optimum solution for the WWTP expansion under the new boundary conditions, led to the installation of a pilot plant with the aim of simultaneously testing the single-stage and AB processes. During the elaboration of the pilot plant tests, the AB process was optimised step by step so as to allow the achievement of the required effluent concentrations with a similar degree of reliability as accomplished with the single-stage plant. The comparison of investment and operating costs as well as plant operation and plant layout ultimately led to the choice of the single-stage alternative.

scholarly journals CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL CURRENCIES IN MODERN ECONOMIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Inta Kotane
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Virtual Currency ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Media

In recent years, development of blockchain technology and virtual currencies (VCs) have been followed not just by the media and industry professionals all over the world – there rarely could be found a person who has not ever heard the term ‘bitcoin’. Despite the popularity of VCs, there is a lack of comprehensible information in the Latvian language about what the virtual currency (VC) is, as well the concepts of digital and VCs are often misused as synonyms. The research is based on the analysis of special literature and scientific publications on the system of VCs. The aim of the research: to explore the concept of VCs in the modern economy. General scientific research methods are used in the research: the method of monographic or descriptive research, the comparative analysis method for studying the concept of VCs, the classification, legal regulation, and future development possibilities. The results of the research show that VCs are a type of digital currency, though, the opposite statement is not correct. Thus, all VCs are digital, but not all digital currencies are virtual. Exploration of the legal framework of VCs suggests that it is at an early stage of development. With the increasing number of VCs and along with strengthening of the legal framework of VCs, the issue of possible directions of the future development of VCs is raised. Two points of view dominate: the future currency or payment system, for example, smart contracts.

YouTube und seine Kinder

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Business Communication ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Media ◽  
Framework Conditions

All over the world, revolutionary change is taking place in the media and business communication. Of all the technological developments related to Web 2.0, it is above all the new forms of moving pictures on the Internet and their areas of application that testify to a changed culture of entertainment and information. In this respect, the range of videos available, in combination with social media, has assumed an increasingly significant role. But which business models, strategies and marketing concepts promise success. How can they evoke the attention and emotions of increasingly self-sufficient consumers and convince them to part with their money at the same time? Using examples from research and praxis, this study presents the foundations of online video and Web TV, the forms they take, their legal framework conditions, case studies and research findings on them as well as their social and economic significance, including numerous figures, case studies and contributions by authors on BMW, Daimler, Deutsche Telekom, Google/YouTube, IP Deutschland, Microsoft, MySpace, sevenload und W&V, among others.

The Carmen Media Case – The Expected Catalyst from Brussels for a New Approach to German Gambling Law?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Gerald Spindler ◽  
Wulf Hambach ◽  
Bernd Berberich
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
General Interest ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Freedom Of Establishment ◽  
Gambling Law ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
No Man's Land ◽  
Framework Conditions

Billions of Euros of turnover are generated every year from games of chance. The legal framework conditions regulating this branch of the economy vary significantly within the European Union. Whilst in many countries such as Germany the state has a dominating monopoly position, other Member States, such as Denmark, France and Italy, have made moves towards a consistent partial liberalisation. These different framework conditions lead to problems, increasingly so as the European internal market is otherwise growing closer together. This is especially evident in the area of online gambling which, due to the structure of this medium, is not restricted by national boundaries, but must nevertheless not constitute a legal no man's land.Against this background, it appears logical for the European Court of Justice (ECJ), on the occasion of the submission of cases by Member State courts pursuant to Art. 267 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (previously Art. 234 EC), to repeatedly have called for the examination of national gambling regulations with regard to their compliance with Union law, as the ECJ's standing jurisdiction acknowledges that a (national) state monopoly for cross-border issues represents a violation of the freedom of establishment as set out in Art. 56 TFEU (previously Art. 49 EC) or the freedom of establishment as set out in Art. 49 TFEU (previously Art. 43 EC) respectively. Such restrictions of gambling activities may, however, be justified by matters of overriding general interest.

scholarly journals National Digital Currency as a Factor of the Russia’s Economic Revival

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

The past decade has highlighted the increasing role of virtual electronic digital currency in the financial sphere. This currency is now performing the functions of investment, storage and accumulation rather than solely the function of measuring the value of goods and services. Thus, the virtual digital currency has come to implement all basic functions of paper money.The purpose of the paperwas to put forward the thesis of the feasibility of introduction in Russia of a new virtual national digital currency operating on the basis of the blockchain technology, which will significantly revitalize the domestic economy. The paper provides the definition of the virtual digital currency and its types, discusses its advantages and disadvantages, gives a brief overview of the experience of using this currency in Russia and abroad, shows the current state of cost capitalization of the virtual digital currency and describes the legal framework for the virtual digital currency application. The paperconcludesthat rather than forbidding the crypto currency, there are all the reasons to arrange the issue and circulation of an officially accepted type of a virtual national digital currency that would give a powerful impetus to the development of all spheres of the country’s economy. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of the national digital currency operation with the government participation. Every citizen will be able to get a salary in a few seconds, buy everything he wants, invest in any project. Records of transactions in the user’s personal digital electronic purse will completely relieve him of paperwork. It is important to note that blockchain protocols do not allow transaction canceling or compulsory change of ledger entries. This means that all transactions will become safe and anonymous, and anonymity cannot be violated if only by illegal operations. This will suit all law-abiding citizens of the country. The advantages of the national digital currency will ensure its wide circulation in the country and lead to significant shrinking of the “gray” and “dark” cryptocurrency markets and revival of the domestic economy.

scholarly journals Consumers contracting with other consumers in the sharing economy: fill in the gaps in the legal framework or switch to the blockchain model?

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Hervé Jacquemin
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive ◽  
Right Of Withdrawal ◽  
Other Consumers

Numerous legal provisions were enacted at an EU level in order to protect consumers contracting with professionals, especially in a digital environment (see, in particular, the protection measures provided by directive 2011/83/EU on consumer rights; directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices; directive 2000/31/EC on electronic commerce, etc.). With the development of the web 2.0 and the so-called “sharing economy”, consumers are now entitled to easily conclude agreements with other consumers through intermediation platforms. EU Consumer Acquis shall normally be applicable to the relationship between the platform and each of the peers (the seller or the provider on one hand, and the buyer or the recipient on the other hand), with the exclusion of C2C relationships. The objective of this paper is to highlight the potential issues and gaps in the context of consumer protection (lack of information, warranty issues, no right of withdrawal, etc.), resulting from the fact that C2C agreements are normally out of scope of the EU Consumer Acquis (and only governed by the traditional contract law). Some propositions de lege ferenda will also be made, in order to ensure a higher level of consumer protection (with additional legal duties prescribed for the intermediaries, for instance). Blockchain technology and smart contracts shall also be taken into account, since they should normally give rise to a “disintermediation” process. It should however be assessed whether or not consumer protection will benefit from this disintermediation.

Recht für die Soziale Arbeit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Soziale Arbeit ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Framework Conditions ◽  
The Welfare State

In view of the growing importance of having solid knowledge of the law to practice social work, a range of custom-fit, specific introductory literature for practice-oriented training is more important than ever. The second, updated edition of this book is intended to serve as a compendium for students of social work, but also to accompany their first steps into the profession. It explores important basic concepts, clarifies structures and makes contexts understandable. This includes the defining characteristics of the system of social security in Germany and the actors and institutions that determine social work, as well as a discussion of the constitutional foundations of the welfare state and of organisations that provide social services, their legal forms of appearance and action, and their financing. Building on a basic section, it presents the legal framework conditions of central areas of activity in social work and essential legal questions related to the procedural practice of social work.

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