scholarly journals La reconvención en los litigios sobre contratos internacionales de trabajo. (Comentario a la STJUE de 21 de junio de 2018, asunto C-1/17, Petronas Lubricants Italy) = The counter-claim in litigation about international contracts of employment. (Commentary to EUCJ judgment 21 June 2018, case C-1/17, Petronas Lubricants Italy)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Ángel Espiniella Menéndez
Keyword(s):  
Common Origin ◽  
International Jurisdiction ◽  
Contract Of Employment ◽  
Jurisdiction Rule

Resumen: en su Sentencia de 21 de junio de 2018, en el asunto Petronas Lubricants Italy, el TJUE afirma la viabilidad de una reconvención del empleador contra el trabajador respecto de unos créditos cedidos por otro empleador. La Sentencia tiene aspectos positivos, pues consolida la competencia del juez inicial para una reconvención por razones de economía procesal, incluso cuando el demandante reconvencional sea una parte más fuerte jurídica y económicamente, como es un empleador. En su haber, también, exigir que la reconvención tenga un origen común a la demanda inicial, pues en este foro también persiste el objetivo de buscar resoluciones coherentes. Entre los aspectos negativos, el Tribunal, al aplicar la doctrina general al caso concreto, legitima una situación abusiva. El demandante reconvencional está utilizando el entramado de sociedades del grupo para diseñar la reconvención y lo hace a través de una cesión de créditos que afecta a la posición procesal del demandado reconvencional. Y ello cuando este demandado reconvencional no participa de dicha cesión (es un acto ajeno) y ni siquiera puede calcular sus efectos, al ser posterior a la interposición de la demanda inicial.Palabras clave: contrato de trabajo, competencia judicial internacional, reconvención. Reglamento “Bruselas I.bis”.Abstract: in its Judgment of 21 June 2018, in case Petronas Lubricants Italy, the EUCJ affirms the viability of a counterclaim by the employer against the worker with respect to credits assigned by another employer. The Judgment has positive aspects, due to it consolidates the jurisdiction of the initial court for a counterclaim for reasons of procedural economy, even when the counterclaimant is a stronger legal and economic party, such as an employer. Also it is positive to require that the counterclaim has a common origin to the initial claim, because this jurisdiction rule keeps the purpose of seeking coherent decisions. Among the negative aspects, the Court, when applies the general doctrine to the specific case, legitimizes an abusive situation. The counterclaimant is using the network of group companies in order to design the counterclaim by an assignment of credits that affects the procedural position of the counterclaim defendant. That occurs when this counterclaim defendant does not participate in said assignment (it is an external act) and cannot even calculate its effects, since it is subsequent to the filing of the initial claim.Keywords: contract of employment. international jurisdiction. counter-claim. Brussels I.a Regulation.

JURISDIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL E O PAPEL DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOSINTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION AND THE ROLE OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Cláudio Martins de Araújo ◽  
Victoria Gonçalves Rebello
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Jurisdiction

A Convenção Americana, um verdadeiro código latino-americano de Direitos Humanos, foi incorporado por 25 Estados no continente — expressando, no que tange às garantias legais de direitos dos homens, a força de uma consonância de princípios a serem seguidos na região. Ao denunciar sérias violações aos direitos humanos, e exercer pressões sobre os Estados, a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos tem feito prodigiosas contribuições para o acesso à justiça no continente americano, quando as instituições nacionais se mostram omissas ou limitadas. Nesse diapasão, propõe-se analisar mais detalhadamente o contexto que permitiu o surgimento desta Corte regional, assim como traçar um perfil qualitativa de sua atuação no Continente.

Jurisdiction and Cognate Matters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayk Kupelyants
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
English Court ◽  
Debt Restructuring ◽  
International Jurisdiction ◽  
Class Actions ◽  
Brussels Regulation

Chapter 3 examines the international jurisdiction in sovereign debt disputes and particularly the following matters: service of proceedings; the jurisdiction under the Brussels Regulation, the jurisdiction under English national rules; individual standing of beneficial bondholders; class actions. The chapter also examines the issue of pre-emptive strikes in sovereign debt litigation, in other words whether private creditors may initiate legal actions before the conclusion of the sovereign debt restructuring and how courts may constrain such litigation. The chapter argues that the English courts may stay proceedings if they are brought in contravention of the powers of bondholders under majority action clauses. The chapter lastly addresses the issue of whether the majority may modify the bonds after the English court has issued a judgment.

scholarly journals III.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies

1917 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Common Origin ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Apical System ◽  
The Common

The characters of the apical system of a series of Holectypus hemisphæricus from the same horizon at two localities in Dorsetshire are analysed and described. It is found that the average relations of the plates of the system are different at the two localities, although certain numbers of identical forms occur at both. Out of 189 specimens (from both localities), 40 show serious departures from the normal type. These abnormalities are of three classes. One, the most prevalent, consists in the presence of madreporic pores on genital 3, in addition to the normal perforation of genital 2. This is regarded as a “progressive variant” in the direction of Discoides. The second, occurring in three specimens, consists in the interpolation of a supernumerary plate within the system. It is suggested that this may be either a “regressive variant” towards Acrosalenia, or a “progressive variant” towards Nucleolites (as illustrated by N.orlicularis). In neither case would this variation coincide with actual phyletic sequence, so that it is styled “parallel variation”. The third type of variant, seen in one specimen only, combines both the first and second types, and in addition shows an absence of genital 5 and a corresponding increase in the size of the posterior oculars, which meet round the back of the system. The variation in this specimen is interpreted as being “progressive” towards Discoides, “parallel progressive” or “regressive” towards Nucleolites or Acrosalenia respectively, and “progressive” towards Conulus. There are indications of a different series of variants in the Holectypus depressus from the Cornbrash. The high percentage of variation in the composition of the apical system of Holectypus is regarded as an indication of the evolutional activity of the genus, and of its near approximation in time and phylogeny to the common origin of many of the groups of Irregular Echinoids.

The morphogenesis of different giant viruses as additional evidence for a common origin of Nucleocytoviricota

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
Rodrigo AL Rodrigues ◽  
Fernanda G de Souza ◽  
Bruna L de Azevedo ◽  
Lorena CF da Silva ◽  
Jônatas S Abrahão
Keyword(s):  
Common Origin ◽  
Giant Viruses

Beyond exchange: the new contract of employment

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Contract Of Employment

The Possible Common Origin of tRNA and 5S rRNA

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Ujhelyi
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
5S Rrna ◽  
Mitochondrial Trna ◽  
Trna Molecule ◽  
The Common

Seryl tRNA (anticodon GCU) from mammalian mito­chondria shows in comparison to other mitochondrial tRNAs additional special features differing from the generalized tRNA model. When arranged in the tradi­tional cloverleaf form, eight bases fall within the TΨC loop, and the entire dihydrouridine loop is lacking. This seryl tRNA molecule is therefore shorter than other tRNAs. It was originally thought to represent a mito­chondrial analogon of 5 S rRNA and its precise classifica­tion is still disputed. The present studies suggest that this mitochondrial tRNA represents a fossil molecule which is related to the common ancestor of the present tRNA and 5 S rRNA molecules.

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