scholarly journals Comparative analysis of combustion engine and hybrid propulsion unit in aviation application in terms of emission of harmful compounds in the exhausts emitted to the atmosphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Marek ORKISZ ◽  
Piotr WYGONIK ◽  
Michał KUŹNIAR ◽  
Maciej KALWARA
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
In Series ◽  
Propulsion Control ◽  
Propulsion Unit

Comparative analysis of combustion and hybrid propulsion unit in aviation application in terms of emission of harmful compounds in the exhausts emitted to the atmosphere. For the propulsion of the AOS 71 motor glider, two types of propulsion were planned as de-velopment versions. The first analysed propulsion is based on a combustion engine, but of the Wankel type (LCR 814 engine with the power of 55 kW). The second designed propulsion is an hybrid based on a LCR 407 combustion engine with a power of 28 kW, which is connected in series with an electric generator propelling the engine (Emrax 228 engine), total power of the propulsion is 55 kW. The comparison of emissions of harmful compounds emitted to the atmosphere generated by the combustion and hybrid power unit intended for assembly in the AOS 71 motor glider, assuming various loads and methods of hybrid propulsion control, was made. The tests were conducted in laboratory conditions. Several different programs were designed to simulate different energy management methods in a hybrid system, depending on the predicted mission and load of the motor glider. On the basis of laboratory tests, exhaust emission was determined from both propulsions as a function of rotational speed and load. Then, based on the assumed flight trajectory and collected test data, the emission for both propulsions variants was determined. The values of emission parameters were compared and the results were presented in diagrams and discussed in the conclusions

Virtual Driver of Hybrid Wheeled Vehicle

2011 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Kost ◽  
Andrzej Nierychlok
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Hybrid Drive ◽  
Parallel Connection ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
Wheeled Vehicle ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles

This paper presents the application of wheeled vehicle based on a hybrid propulsion system. Describes control system structure and communication between different units of propulsion, intermediary devices and the fundamental issues of building such a network. Virtual propulsion of a wheeled vehicle hybrid drive designed for parallel connection structure of the drive units. This enabled the propulsion work more efficiently through the synergy of energy units – ICE and electric motor, and allowed ICE unit turn off in built-up areas. In the presented research results can be seen as a great contribution to the work of the propulsion system has an internal combustion engine, which not only drives the electric generator, but also a wheeled vehicles.

scholarly journals An Economical and Precise Cooling Model and Its Application in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6749
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Xie ◽  
Ao Wang ◽  
Zhuoran Liu
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Dynamical Characteristic ◽  
Water Jacket ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Pump Speed ◽  
Total Power Consumption

The cooling system is an important subsystem of an internal combustion engine, which plays a vital role in the engine’s dynamical characteristic, the fuel economy, and emission output performance at each speed and load. This paper proposes an economical and precise model for an electric cooling system, including the modeling of engine heat rejection, water jacket temperature, and other parts of the cooling system. This model ensures that the engine operates precisely at the designated temperature and the total power consumption of the cooling system takes the minimum value at some power proportion of fan and pump. Speed maps for the cooling fan and pump at different speeds and loads of engine are predicted, which can be stored in the electronic control unit (ECU). This model was validated on a single-cylinder diesel engine, called the DK32. Furthermore, it was used to tune the temperature of the water jacket precisely. The results show that in the common use case, the electric cooling system can save the power of 255 W in contrast with the mechanical cooling system, which is about 1.9% of the engine’s power output. In addition, the validation results of the DK32 engine meet the non-road mobile machinery China-IV emission standards.

Comparative analysis between a PEM fuel cell and an internal combustion engine driving an electricity generator: Technical, economical and ecological aspects

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lúcia Bollini Braga ◽  
Jose Luz Silveira ◽  
Marcio Evaristo da Silva ◽  
Einara Blanco Machin ◽  
Daniel Travieso Pedroso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Pem Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Ecological Aspects

scholarly journals Preliminary Analysis of a New Power Train Concept for a City Hybrid Vehicle

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Roberto Capata
Keyword(s):  
Gate Valve ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Power Train ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Performance Point ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Mechanical Decoupling

This research aims to test the feasibility of a prototype of a newly designed thermal engine for a hybrid propulsion vehicle. This study consists of the implementation of an innovative supercharger for city car internal combustion engine ICE (900 cc). The preliminary proposal presented here is to mechanically disconnect the compressor/turbine device, supporting the rotation of the compressor with a dedicated electric motor and connecting a turbine to a generator. Mechanical decoupling will allow both machines to be designed for operating closer to their maximum performance point, for most of the expected real field of operation. Specifically, the turbine is likely to have a lower rotation speed than the original group and will, therefore, be slightly larger. The advantage is that, while in the current supercharger groups the surplus at high regimes is discharged through the waste-gate valve without expanding in a turbine, in the configuration proposed, all the energy of the combustible gases is used by the turbine to generate electrical power that can be used where required. Once the motorization of the vehicle (999 cc) has been fixed, the two turbomachines will have to be studied and designed, looking where possible, for commercial components. Finally, a computational fluid dynamic CFD will be needed to verify the validity of the choice, followed by careful experimentation campaigns.

A New Type of Gas Turbine Based-Hybrid Propulsion System: Part 1—Concept Development, Definition of Mission Parameters and Preliminary Sizing

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Cioffarelli ◽  
Enrico Sciubba
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract A hybrid propulsion system of new conception for medium-size passenger cars is described and its preliminary design developed. The system consists of a turbogas set operating at fixed rpm, and a battery-operated electric motor that constitutes the actual “propulsor”. The battery pack is charged by the thermal engine which works in an electronically controlled on/off mode. Though the idea is not entirely new (there are some concept cars with similar characteristics), the present study has important new aspects, in that it bases the sizing of the thermal engine on the foreseen “worst case” vehicle mission (derived from available data on mileage and consumption derived from road tests and standard EEC driving mission cycles) that they can in fact be accomplished, and then proceeds to develop a control strategy that enables the vehicle to perform at its near–peak efficiency over a wide range of possible missions. To increase the driveability of the car, a variable-inlet vane system is provided for the gas turbine. After developing the mission concept, and showing via a thorough set of energy balances (integrated over various mission profiles), a preliminary sizing of the turbogas set is performed. The results of this first part of the development program show that the concept is indeed feasible, and that it has important advantages over both more traditional (Hybrid Vehicles powered by an Internal Combustion Engine) and novel (All-Electric Vehicle) propulsion systems.

400 kW 12000 rpm Electric Generator Prototype for Aircraft Hybrid Propulsion System Demonstrator

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Anton Varyukhin ◽  
Viktor Zakharchenko ◽  
Vladimir Lomazov ◽  
Denis Zhuravlev ◽  
Flyur Ismagilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propulsion System ◽  
Hybrid Propulsion ◽  
Electric Generator

scholarly journals RANGE EXTENDER ICE MULTI-PARAMETRIC MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Mikuláš Adámek ◽  
Rastislav Toman
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Multi Objective

Range Extended Electric Vehicles (REEV) are still one of the suitable concepts for modern sustainable low emission vehicles. REEV is equipped with a small and lightweight unit, comprised usually of an internal combustion engine with an electric generator, and has thus the technical potential to overcome the main limitations of a pure electric vehicle – range anxiety, overall driving range, heating, and air-conditioning demands – using smaller battery: saving money, and raw materials. Even though several REx ICE concepts were designed in past, most of the available studies lack more complex design and optimization approach, not exploiting the advantageous single point operation of these engines. Resulting engine designs are usually rather conservative, not optimized for the best efficiency. This paper presents a multi-parametric and multi-objective optimization approach, that is applied on a REx ICE. Our optimization toolchain combines a parametric GT-Suite ICE simulation model, modeFRONTIER optimization software with various optimization strategies, and a parametric CAD model, that first provides some simulation model inputs, and second also serves for the final designs’ feasibility check. The chosen ICE concept is a 90 degrees V-twin engine, four-stroke, spark-ignition, naturally aspirated, port injected, OHV engine. The optimization goal is to find the thermodynamic optima for three different design scenarios of our concept – three different engine displacements – addressing the compactness requirement of a REx ICE. The optimization results show great fuel efficiency potential by applying our optimization methodology, following the general trends in increasing ICE efficiency, and power for a naturally aspirated concept.

A comprehensive evaluation of water injection in the diesel engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110442
Author(s):  
Sebastian Welscher ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Moradi ◽  
Antonino Vacca ◽  
Peter Bloch ◽  
Michael Grill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Pressure Trace ◽  
High Level

Due to increasing climate awareness and the introduction of much stricter exhaust emission legislation the internal combustion engine technology faces major challenges. Although the development and state of technology of internal combustion engines generally reached a very high level over the last years those need to be improved even more. Combining water injection with a diesel engine, therefore, seems to be the next logical step in developing a highly efficient drive train for future mobility. To investigate these potentials, a comprehensive evaluation of water injection on the diesel engine was carried out. This study covers >560 individual operating points on the test bench. The tests were carried out on a single-cylinder derived from a Euro 6d four-cylinder passenger car with the port water injection. Furthermore, a detailed pressure trace analysis (PTA) was performed to evaluate various aspects regarding combustion, emission, etc. The results show no significant effects of water injection on the combustion process, but great potential for NOx reduction. It has been shown that with the use of water injection at water-to-fuel rates of 25%, 50%, and 100%, NOx reduction without deterioration of soot levels can be achieved in 62%, 40%, and 20% of the experiments, respectively. Furthermore, water injection in combination with EGR offers additional reduction in NOx emissions.

Helmholtz Resonance Based Micro Electrostatic Actuators for Compressible Gas Control: A Microjet Generator and a Gas Micro Pump

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanseup Kim ◽  
Khalil Najafi ◽  
Luis P. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Total Power ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Electrostatic Actuators ◽  
Helmholtz Resonance ◽  
Micro Pump ◽  
Resonant Behavior ◽  
In Series ◽  
Instantaneous Pressure ◽  
Gas Molecules

This paper reports Helmholtz-resonance based micro electrostatic actuators to control compressible gaseous fluids in the micro scale. Particularly, it discusses design, fabrication, and testing results of two electrostatic actuators: a micro jet generator and an integrated peristaltic multistage micro pump. These electrostatic actuators vibrate a micro membrane in a micro chamber at a high frequency (>10 kHz), and easily induce the resonant behavior of compressible gases in the chamber. Such resonant behavior, often called the Helmholtz resonance, can repeatedly create instantaneous pressure in equilibrium between the inside and outside of the chamber and cause gas to rapidly exit the chamber, forming a collimated jet. The developed micro jet generator consists of multiple acoustic chambers in parallel; produces directional gas momentum from each chamber by utilizing the Helmholtz resonance; and collectively entrains nearby gas molecules to form a gas stream. The fabricated micro jet generator has a footprint of 1.6 × 1.6 cm2 and contains 25 acoustic micro thrusters. It operates using a 140 V and 70 kHz sinusoidal signal and produces a thrust of 55.6 μN, a maximum air velocity of 1.2 m/s, and consumes power of 3.11 mW. The developed micro pump consists of multiple acoustic chambers in series and produces a high total pressure by accumulating pressures across the multiple chambers, while maintaining high flow rates utilizing the fluidic resonance of each pumping chamber. The fabricated 18-stage pump produces the maximum air flow rate of 4.0 sccm and maximum pressure differentials of 17.5 kPa with total power consumptions of only 57 mW. Its total package volume is 25.1 × 19.1 × 1 mm3. It is notable that these electrostatic actuators, with their actuation membranes, acoustic chambers, fluidic channels, and micro valves, are fabricated into a single silicon chip by developing low temperature wafer bonding techniques to protect the polymer structures inside.

On-board online evaluation of the charge density in internal combustion engines through electrical discharge characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
Nir Druker ◽  
Gideon Goldwine ◽  
Eran Sher
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Cycle Basis ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Propulsion Unit

We propose here a new method to evaluate the mixture charge density inside the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. This is an important parameter that is needed to optimize the spark timing and the amount of fuel that is introduced to the cylinder at each cycle, thus optimizing the engine operation for higher power, lower brake-specific fuel consumption, or lower pollutants’ emission at any altitude/ambient conditions. The evaluation of the charge density is performed at each cycle (on a cycle-to-cycle basis) by using the voltage–current characteristics of the spark plug gap. This real-time evaluation method may save two of the present in-use temperature and pressure gages, thus considerably increasing the reliability of the propulsion unit. Owing to the expected higher system reliability and system simplicity, small unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as small automotive engines of various types, may significantly benefit from this proposed method. The method principles, rationale, and some preliminary results are presented.

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