scholarly journals Effect of average velocity of passenger cars on national annual emission of pollutants

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Traffic Speed

The paper presents the results of the study on the sensitivity of the national annual emission of pollutants from passenger cars to their average velocity under the following traffic conditions: urban, rural, and on motorways and expressways. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the COPERT 4 software. The effect of traffic speed within cumulated categories of passenger cars on the national emission of pollutants was analyzed. The national annual pollutant emission of pollutants was found to be substantially affected by the average car velocity, this effect being largely differentiated due to the character of road traffic. The type of the dependence of the national annual pollutant emission on the average velocity is similar for all substances, especially under traffic conditions in rural areas as well as on highways and expressways. A distinct minimum of the national pollutant emission was found at a velocity of about 70 km/h under rural conditions.

scholarly journals Study on sensitivity of national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to traffic patterns

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Grzegorz STOSIO ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Total Emission ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Pattern ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Selection Of

The paper presents the results of the study on the sensitivity of the national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to traffic patterns. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology applied in the COPERT 4 software. The traffic pattern was modelled as the share of road lengths under various traffic conditions: urban, rural and on motorways and expressways, in the total length of trips covered by vehicles. A relatively small and less varied sensitivity of the national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to the traffic pattern was found due to the substance emitted. This was considered to be a valuable proposal for the selection of parameters for the total emission model of vehicular pollutants, in view of the difficulty of estimating the share of road lengths under model traffic conditions.

scholarly journals ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN: RESULTS OF CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR ON TRAFFIC PLAYGROUND AND SIMULATED TRAFFIC SITUATIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 001
Author(s):  
Dalibor Pešić ◽  
Aleksandar Trifunović ◽  
Maja Petrović
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Safety Behavior ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Urban Rural

Child pedestrians are highly represented in fatal and severe road crashes and differ in their crossing behavior from adults. Child pedestrians are disproportionately vulnerable to road traffic injuries, but it is unclear which aspects of pedestrian safety behaviors develop at what age. To create effective intervention programs, research on which pedestrian safety risks occur among which age group and urban/rural areas, is needed. For these reasons, an experiment was conducted to examine the behavior of children on traffic playground and simulated traffic situations (STS). The key results this study showed children have a higher percentage of accurate responses to the STS environment, than on traffic playground. Thereby, it is important to take those findings in account when aiming to train children for road safety. The experiment represents a basis for the creation of individualized educational interventions to help children adapt to the basic traffic safety behavior rules.

scholarly journals Driving style analysis based on information from the vehicle

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Jakub LASOCKI ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Tomasz GODLEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Style Analysis ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Velocity ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The purpose of this study was to analyse the possibility of using information from the On Board Diagnostics (OBD) system of the ve-hicle to determine the characteristics of the drivers driving style. Available data from the OBD system were considered and the most useful ones were selected for further investigation. Selected zero-dimensional characteristics of vehicle velocity as well as characteristics of relative position of the accelerator pedal were proposed as criteria for the assessment of driving style. The tests were carried out in conditions of real road traffic using a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine. The car was equipped with a device for recording signals from the OBD system. The tests included two drivers traveling on routes in the urban and rural areas. The obtained results were used to analyse the driving style of both drivers separately in the considered traffic conditions. On this basis, conclusions on the suitabil-ity of information from the OBD system for the assessment of the drivers driving style were formulated.

scholarly journals Evolution of national annual pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Model ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Urban Rural

The work analyses the national annual emission of pollutants from passenger cars in Poland, in the years 2000–2015, including the classification of combustion engines relative to the ignition system. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the COPERT 4 software. The vehicle traffic model was analysed under the following conditions: urban, rural and on motorways and expressways. The national annual pollutant emission was found to change substantially alongside the changes in vehicle properties over the period analysed; the effect varied due to the performance of respective substances. The relative annual national emission of the various pollutants compared to the situation in 2000 were determined. There was a clear declining trend, from 2008 onwards, in the relative annual emission of pollutants from a representative passenger car; this was valid for all substances.

scholarly journals Comparison of pollutant emission associated with the operation of passenger cars with internal combustion engines and passenger cars with electric motors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Hubert Sar ◽  
Krystian Szczepański
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines

AbstractEnergy consumption and pollutant emission aspects were ascertained for cars under traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities, on motorways and expressways, with the use of data from the inventory of emissions from road transport in Poland in 2018. The values of characteristics of energy consumption under model traffic conditions, as well as pollutant emissions and energy consumption of cars with internal combustion engines and cars with electric motors, constituted the basis for further analyses and conclusions about the characteristics of the vehicles under the study in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions. As a result of the research, it was found in the case of the use of electric drives, a very significant decrease in energy consumption—by 70% and the emission of non-methane volatile organic compounds—at the level of 90%. In the case of the emission of nitrogen oxides, there is a great advantage in relation to cars with compression-ignition engines, while the emission of nitrogen oxides from cars with spark-ignition engines is about two times lower. It was found that the emission of particulate matter for electric cars is about three times higher than for cars with compression-ignition engines and almost six times higher than for cars with spark-ignition engines. On the other hand, the impact on carbon dioxide emissions is small—less than 10%.

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Immigrants in Western Greece Region: Urban – Rural Continuum or Divide?

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros Iosifides ◽  
Thanasis Kizos ◽  
Elektra Petracou ◽  
Ekaterini Malliotaki ◽  
Konstantina Katsimantou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Spatial Factors ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Western Greece

This paper aims at an investigation of factors of differentiation of basic social and economic characteristics of foreign immigrants in the Region of Western Greece. The paper explores whether the thesis of urban-rural divide is relevant for the differentiation of immigrants’ socio-economic characteristics in a typical Region of Greece, where there is a strong interplay between major urban centers and large rural areas. Findings show that spatial factors play a very limited role in the differentiation of socio-economic characteristics of immigrants and indicate that other factors are more important. Thus, and as regards socio-economic characteristics of immigrants, the overall picture is that of urban-rural continuum rather than divide. 

An Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Pakistan

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The paper aims at testing the validity of Engel's law with data on Pakistan. Consumption functions for urban and rural areas have been estimated separately. These functions are shown to be determined by total expenditure and household size. Engel's law is confirmed for some commodity groups but not for all. Following tests of urban-rural homogeneity and of stability of urban and rural consumption functions, demand growth rates for different food and non-food items have been calculated, assuming different growth rates of total expenditure and household size.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS SITUATED IN URBAN & RURAL AREAS OF HARYANA IN THE SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE BOARD OF SCHOOL EDUCATION HARYANA IN 2020.

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Balkar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
School Education ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Poor Students ◽  
Exam Preparation ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exam Result

The capability or calibre cannot be judged based on Results, as it depends on the student to student & also the examination is testing of knowledge of a student, for the whole year in two or three hours. In July 2020 the exam result of the secondary standard was declared by the Board of School Education Haryana, Bhiwani and there is a discussion about topper & the schools in which these toppers were studying & strategy of these toppers regarding exam preparation, their interviews & photos were published in the Newspapers, why not? It must be but in this spark light, there is some darkness behind this. Everyone is congratulating these students, as they are studied from the Private Schools of the Urban City areas of the Haryana, a few are from the most educated families, whose parents their selves are teachers or professors. Through this, we are ignoring a bitter truth of the poor students of the Government Schools, who despite lack of all the big & small facilities, as compare of these Private schools’ performed equal to these toppers. KEYWORDS: Testing of knowledge, Education in Private Schools, Toppers and Calibre.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cooperative Perception in Ant Traffic and Its Effects on Transportation System by Using a Congestion-Free Ant-Trail Model

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2393
Author(s):  
Prafull Kasture ◽  
Hidekazu Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Mathematical Representations ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Ant Trail

We investigated agent-based model simulations that mimic an ant transportation system to analyze the cooperative perception and communication in the system. On a trail, ants use cooperative perception through chemotaxis to maintain a constant average velocity irrespective of their density, thereby avoiding traffic jams. Using model simulations and approximate mathematical representations, we analyzed various aspects of the communication system and their effects on cooperative perception in ant traffic. Based on the analysis, insights about the cooperative perception of ants which facilitate decentralized self-organization is presented. We also present values of communication-parameters in ant traffic, where the system conveys traffic conditions to individual ants, which ants use to self-organize and avoid traffic-jams. The mathematical analysis also verifies our findings and provides a better understanding of various model parameters leading to model improvements.

scholarly journals Key Challenges in the Status Analysis for the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan in Podgorica, Montenegro

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Radoje Vujadinović ◽  
Jelena Šaković Jovanović ◽  
Aljaž Plevnik ◽  
Luka Mladenovič ◽  
Tom Rye
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽  
Status Analysis

The paper presents the results of the application of a practical approach for collecting data, which provides a simple, cost efficient, and easily reproducible method that was applied to obtain the necessary data for the status analysis of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) for Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro. Important data for the estimation of the existing condition of the traffic system were collected through desk research from the appropriate institutions and organizations. Several surveys and focus group interviews were conducted, in which about 5000 residents of Podgorica participated. In addition to answering questions, residents made numerous suggestions, confirming the correctness of a participatory approach in the new traffic planning paradigm that provides the SUMP with crucial advantages. A manual cordon count of traffic on five bridges for the traffic of the motor vehicles, as well as on two pedestrian-only bridges, was performed by students from the study program Road Traffic, and there are plans to repeat this in the coming years in order to enable more reliable monitoring and evaluation of the obtained data. Contemporary quality management tools such as BYPAD and ParkPAD were also used to assess the status of cycling and parking policy, respectively. It is especially important to emphasize that Podgorica is the first city in the West Balkans, and the fourth city in Europe, in which the ParkPAD tool was applied. A wide range of negative phenomena and trends was identified, like a rapid increase in the number of registered vehicles, an increase in the motorization rate and the number of traffic accidents, increased non-compliance with traffic rules, excessive use of passenger cars and auto-taxi vehicles, insufficient use of unattractive public transport, walking and cycling, etc. Based on the data collected, key challenges in status analysis in Podgorica were identified, which the SUMP should try to overcome.

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