scholarly journals Analysis of pollutant emissions and fuel consumption for the use of a multi-storey carpark

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Andrzejewski ◽  
Mateusz Nowak ◽  
Aleksandra Woch ◽  
Natalia Stefańska
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Shopping Center ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Parking Spot ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Selection Of

In Poland, the number of vehicles owned per capita is systematically increasing. There is also a noticeable increase in traffic in large urban agglomerations. This creates a number of problems, such as difficulties in finding a parking spot. Then it becomes necessary to search for a long time to stop, which is correlated with higher emission of harmful substances and energy consumption. The aim of the work is a multi-criteria analysis of the selection of a parking spot at a shopping center focused on travel times, pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In addition, consideration was given to the selection of the optimal parking spot. The tests were carried out in Real Driving Conditions similar to Real Driving Emissions testing. The procedure, currently used as an extension of the type-approval tests, reflects the actual exhaust emissions from vehicles more accurately than tests under laboratory conditions. Specialized PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) apparatus was used for the measurements.

scholarly journals Performance, Emissions, and Efficiency of Biodiesel versus Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Considering Different Driving Cycles Sensitivity Analysis (NEDC and WLTP)

Fuels ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-470
Author(s):  
Luis Serrano ◽  
Barbara Santana ◽  
Nuno Pires ◽  
Cristina Correia
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Cost Effective Approach

The use of biofuels in vehicles becomes more advantageous than the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly because it uses renewable sources of energy. Recently there are some concerns about biodiesel sources, and hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) appear as a possible advanced solution. To understand the effect that the implementation of the new and old European type-approval test cycles (NEDC e WLTP) has on the results of these fuels considering pollutant emissions and fuel consumption results, a EURO V vehicle was subject to these cycles and also to engine performance evaluation tests. For this analysis, the fuels considered were: B0 (pure diesel), B7 (7% of biodiesel), B15 (15% of biodiesel), B100 (pure biodiesel), and HVO15 (15% of HVO). The findings lead to the conclusion that completely replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is not the most cost-effective approach. No significant differences were observed considering the two homologation cycles, the oldest (NEDC) and the actual (WLTP) and the use of HVO also does not present any relevant differences concerning the fuel consumption differences to B0 (+0.58% NEDC and +0.05%WLTP), comparing well with biodiesel behavior (−1.74% NEDC and −0.69%WLTP for B7 and +1.48% NEDC and 1.89% WLTP for B15). Considering the power of the engine obtained with the fuels, the differences are almost negligible, revealing variations smaller than 2% for B7, B15, and HVO15.

scholarly journals Error Analysis of the Normative Calculation Method of the Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption in the Vehicles Fueled with Gaseous Fuels

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1916
Author(s):  
Paulina Grzelak ◽  
Sławomir Taubert
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Type Approval

The methodologies for calculating exhaust emissions and fuel consumption, which are given in the normative documents, do not take into account the fact that vehicles equipped with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or compressed natural gas (CNG) systems are fueled with petrol after a cold start. When calculating exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of LPG or CNG-powered vehicles, it is assumed that they result from the combustion of gaseous fuel only. This simplification leads to an incorrect determination of the emissions and fuel consumption values, as the formulas for calculating these values differ depending on the fuel type. This article presents the results of tests aimed at checking how that factor affects the value of emissions and fuel consumption calculated in the driving cycles used in the type-approval tests. In order to estimate the error resulting from this simplification, the tests of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a vehicle equipped with an LPG system were carried out. The tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer in the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) used in the type approval tests. In the tested vehicle, the CO, total hydrocarbons (THC), NOx and CO2 emissions calculated with the normative method were approx. 7% lower than the values calculated with the corrected method. For this reason, there is a need to develop a measurement method that allows for a separate analysis of the phase in which the vehicle is fueled with gasoline. This will allow the elimination of errors in the current normative method of calculating pollutant emissions from the exhaust system and fuel consumption of vehicles fueled with gaseous fuels.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN KEPALA CABANG TERBAIK BANK SUMUT DENGAN MENERAPKAN METODE VIKOR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betrik J Hutapea ◽  
Mesran Mesran ◽  
Siti Nurhabibah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Vikor Method ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Regional Development Bank ◽  
Selection Of

SUMUT Bank is one of the Banks in Indonesia with the name of the company PT. Regional Development Bank of North Sumatra. The North Sumatra Bank has branches in each region in North Sumatra both in the district and in the sub-district, and each of these branches is led by a branch leader or branch head. The head of this branch is responsible for the reversal of the Bank being led. The best and most accomplished branch heads deserve more and more awards. The selection of the best branch heads is selected transparently and structured in the hope that it can be a motivation for all branch heads to be able to further improve the quality and service of the Bank they lead. Making the best branch head selection done manually will take a long time and tends to be less transparent and structured. One solution so that the implementation of the selection can be carried out easily and quickly, it requires a Decision Support System that can provide consistency of assessment. In this study the method used is the VIKOR method (Visekriterijumsko Kompromisno Rangiranje). This method makes cracking on alternatives based on criteria that have been determined with an ideal compromise solution or the best solution, so that this system can later be beneficial for the SUMUT Bank to get the title in determining the best branch head.Keywords: Decision Support System, North Sumatra Bank, Branch Head, Vikor

scholarly journals Internet page content analysis of north European Sea ports

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli-Pekka Hilmola ◽  
Andres Tolli ◽  
Ain Kiisler
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This study analyses 98 Internet pages of sea ports located in Sweden, Finland and Estonia during years 2017–2019. Aim of the study is to find, how website basic design is completed (colours and languages), how slogans, environmental issues, statistics and hinterland transports are reported. Based on the analysis, it appears as rather common that sea ports follow conservative selection of colours in their websites, where blue and white are clearly most popular. Typically, English and Swedish are as the most common used language, followed by Finnish, Russian and Estonian. In some rare cases, websites are offered in Chinese or German. Larger sea ports do have clear “slogans”, where smaller ones are just having lengthy justification for their existence. Environmental issues are increasing concern among sea ports, and these are mostly mentioned in details within Swedish actors. Providing statistics varies among companies, and in some sea ports these are provided from very long time period, where in others from just previous years or then only from last year (or even at all). It is common for companies to report that they have sustainable hinterland access, railway available.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Rate of Fuel Consumption in Aircrafts

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8066
Author(s):  
Thowayeb H. Hassan ◽  
Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih ◽  
Amany E. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Homogeneity Of Variance ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Ground Distance ◽  
The Cost

The cost of fuel and its availability are among the most major concerns for aircrafts and the aviation industry overall. Environmental difficulties with chemical pollutant emissions emitted by aviation machines are also connected to fuel consumption. As a result, it is crucial to examine factors that affect the overall fuel usage and consumption in the airport-based aviation industry. Several variables were investigated related to the total fuel consumed, such as dry operating weight (DOW) (KG), zero-fuel weight (ZFW), take-off weight (TOW), air distance (AIR DIST) (KM), and ground distance (GDN DIST). Analysis of the correlation between total fuel consumed as well as the extra fuel and selected variables was conducted. The results showed that the most positively associated factors with the total used fuel were the air distance (r2 = 0.86, p < 0.01), ground distance (r2 = 0.78, p < 0.01), TOW (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.01), and flight time (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.01). There was also a strong positive association between the average fuel flow (FF) and actual TOW (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.01) as well as ZFW (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.01). The generalized linear model (GLM) was utilized to assess the predictions of total energy usage after evaluating important outliers, stability of the homogeneity of variance, and the normalization of the parameter estimation. The results of multiple linear regression revealed that the most significant predictors of the total consumed fuel were the actual ZFW (p < 0.01), actual TOW (p < 0.01), and actual average FF (p < 0.05). The results interestingly confirmed that wind speed has some consequences and effects on arrival fuel usage. The result reflects that thermal and hydrodynamic economies impact on the flying fuel economy. The research has various implications for both scholars and practitioners of aviation industry.

Suitability of Natural Geomedia for Radwaste Storage

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Fyfe
Keyword(s):  
Rock Properties ◽  
Fracture Flow ◽  
Time Prediction ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Mining Disturbance ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTSelection of the best rock types for radwaste disposal will depend on their having minimal permeability, maximal flow dispersion, minimal chance of forming new wide aperture fractures, maximal ion retention, and minimal thermal and mining disturbance. While no rock is perfect, thinly bedded complex sedimentary sequences may have good properties, either as repository rocks, or as cover to a repository.Long time prediction of such favorable properties of a rock at a given site may be best modelled from studies of in situ rock properties. Fracture flow, dispersion history, and geological stability can be derived from direct observations of rocks themselves, and can provide the parameters needed for convincing demonstration of repository security for appropriate times.

A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Comprehensive Assessment of Integrated Rotorcraft–Powerplant Systems at Mission Level

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Goulos ◽  
Fakhre Ali ◽  
Konstantinos Tzanidakis ◽  
Vassilios Pachidis ◽  
Roberto d'Ippolito
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
Stirred Reactor

This paper presents an integrated methodology for the comprehensive assessment of combined rotorcraft–powerplant systems at mission level. Analytical evaluation of existing and conceptual designs is carried out in terms of operational performance and environmental impact. The proposed approach comprises a wide-range of individual modeling theories applicable to rotorcraft flight dynamics and gas turbine engine performance. A novel, physics-based, stirred reactor model is employed for the rapid estimation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The individual mathematical models are implemented within an elaborate numerical procedure, solving for total mission fuel consumption and associated pollutant emissions. The combined approach is applied to the comprehensive analysis of a reference twin-engine light (TEL) aircraft modeled after the Eurocopter Bo 105 helicopter, operating on representative mission scenarios. Extensive comparisons with flight test data are carried out and presented in terms of main rotor trim control angles and power requirements, along with general flight performance charts including payload-range diagrams. Predictions of total mission fuel consumption and NOx emissions are compared with estimated values provided by the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA). Good agreement is exhibited between predictions made with the physics-based stirred reactor model and experimentally measured values of NOx emission indices. The obtained results suggest that the production rates of NOx pollutant emissions are predominantly influenced by the behavior of total air inlet pressure upstream of the combustion chamber, which is affected by the employed operational procedures and the time-dependent all-up mass (AUM) of the aircraft. It is demonstrated that accurate estimation of on-board fuel supplies ahead of flight is key to improving fuel economy as well as reducing environmental impact. The proposed methodology essentially constitutes an enabling technology for the comprehensive assessment of existing and conceptual rotorcraft–powerplant systems, in terms of operational performance and environmental impact.

Numerical and Experimental Study on the Impact of Mild Cold EGR on Exhaust Emissions in a Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Oliveira ◽  
Junfeng Yang ◽  
Jose Sodre
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This work evaluated the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions from a diesel engine fueled with B8 (a blend of biodiesel and Diesel 8:92%% by volume), experimentally and numerically. Experiments were carried out on a Diesel power generator with varying loads from 5 kW to 35 kW and 10% of cold EGR ratio. Exhaust emissions (e.g. THC, NOX, CO etc.) were measured and evaluated. The results showed mild EGR and low biodiesel content have minor impact of engine specific fuel consumption, fuel conversion efficiency and in-cylinder pressure. Meanwhile, the combination of EGR and biodiesel reduced THC and NOX up to 52% and 59%, which shows promising effect on overcoming the PM-NOX trade-off from diesel engine. A 3D CFD engine model incorporated with detailed biodiesel combustion kinetics and NOx formation kinetics was validated against measured in-cylinder pressure, temperature and engine-out NO emission from diesel engine. This valid model was then employed to investigate the in-cylinder temperature and equivalence ratio distribution that predominate NOx formation. The results showed that the reduction of NOx emission by EGR and biodiesel is obtained by a little reduction of the local in-cylinder temperature and, mainly, by creating comparatively rich combusting mixture.

scholarly journals Self-Adaptive K-Means Based on a Covering Algorithm

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwen Zhang ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhou ◽  
Xing Guo ◽  
Jintao Wu ◽  
Qiang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Number Of Clusters ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Selection Of

The K-means algorithm is one of the ten classic algorithms in the area of data mining and has been studied by researchers in numerous fields for a long time. However, the value of the clustering number k in the K-means algorithm is not always easy to be determined, and the selection of the initial centers is vulnerable to outliers. This paper proposes an improved K-means clustering algorithm called the covering K-means algorithm (C-K-means). The C-K-means algorithm can not only acquire efficient and accurate clustering results but also self-adaptively provide a reasonable numbers of clusters based on the data features. It includes two phases: the initialization of the covering algorithm (CA) and the Lloyd iteration of the K-means. The first phase executes the CA. CA self-organizes and recognizes the number of clusters k based on the similarities in the data, and it requires neither the number of clusters to be prespecified nor the initial centers to be manually selected. Therefore, it has a “blind” feature, that is, k is not preselected. The second phase performs the Lloyd iteration based on the results of the first phase. The C-K-means algorithm combines the advantages of CA and K-means. Experiments are carried out on the Spark platform, and the results verify the good scalability of the C-K-means algorithm. This algorithm can effectively solve the problem of large-scale data clustering. Extensive experiments on real data sets show that the accuracy and efficiency of the C-K-means algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms under both sequential and parallel conditions.

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