scholarly journals Particle emissions of a TDI-engine with different lubrication oils

2005 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
J. CZERWINSKI ◽  
J.-L. PÉTERMANN ◽  
A. ULRICH ◽  
G. MUELLER ◽  
A. WICHSER
Keyword(s):  
Particle Filter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Diesel Particle Filter ◽  
Particle Emissions ◽  
Lubrication Oil ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Lubrication Oils ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles

Due to increasing concern about health effects of fine and ultra-fine particles (nanoparticles) from combustion engines, the diesel particle filter technology (DPF) was extensively introduced to heavy duty and passenger cars in the last years. In this respect, a very important parameter is the irreversible plugging of the DPF with non-combustible ashes. The quality of lubrication oil, especially the ash content has a certain influence on regeneration intervals of diesel particle filters. In the present study, the effects of different lubrication oils on particle mass and nano-particle size distribution were investigated. The test engine was a modern diesel engine without particle filter system. A main goal was to find out, how different lubrication oils influence the particulate emissions and the contribution of oil to total particle emissions. Moreover, first results of a tracing study will be discussed. The comparison of a non-doped lubrication oil with a doped oil should enlighten the contribution of the oil to the particle formation. It has been shown that beside sulphur content the particle emission is also effected by the composition (e.g. additive packages) of the oils.

scholarly journals Gaseous and Particulate Emissions of a Euro 4 Motorcycle and Effect of Driving Style and Open or Closed Sampling Configuration

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9122
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Transfer Tube ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Main Message

Air pollution remains a serious concern for European citizens. The relative contribution of mopeds and motorcycles to air pollution started to increase as the levels from other vehicles started to decrease. The information on emission levels of Euro 4 motorcycles is limited because they were only recently introduced into the market (2016). In this study, the emissions of a 1 L Euro 4 motorcycle were determined with two drivers and two different sampling configurations (i.e., open or closed transfer tube to the dilution tunnel; both allowed in the current regulation). The motorcycle respected the current Euro 4 limits and even the future Euro 5 limits for most pollutants (CO 600 mg/km, NOx 48 mg/km, total hydrocarbons 60 mg/km). The particulate emissions, which are not regulated for this category of vehicles, were also very low and fulfilled the current limits of passenger cars (particulate mass < 0.5 mg/km, particle number 3 × 1011 p/km). The total particle emissions (i.e., including volatiles) were also low with the open configuration (6 × 1011 p/km). They increased more than one order of magnitude with the closed configuration due to desorption of deposited material from the transfer tube. For the gaseous pollutants, there was no significant difference between open or closed configuration (CO2 within 0.3%, rest pollutants 10%), but they were different between the two drivers (CO2 1.3%, rest pollutants 25%–50%). The main message from this work is that open and closed configurations are equivalent for gaseous pollutants but the open should be used when particles are measured.

Studies of copper selenide ultrafine particles by newly developed gas evaporation method

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
Chihiro Kaito ◽  
Yoshio Saito
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Copper Selenide ◽  
Quartz Boat ◽  
Selenium Vapor ◽  
Ar Gas ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles

The direct evaporation of metallic oxides or sulfides does not always given the same compounds with starting material, i.e. decomposition took place. Since the controll of the sulfur or selenium vapors was difficult, a similar production method for oxide particles could not be used for preparation of such compounds in spite of increasing interest in the fields of material science, astrophysics and mineralogy. In the present paper, copper metal was evaporated from a molybdenum silicide heater which was proposed by us to produce the ultra-fine particles in reactive gas as shown schematically in Figure 1. Typical smoke by this method in Ar gas at a pressure of 13 kPa is shown in Figure 2. Since the temperature at a location of a few mm below the heater, maintained at 1400° C , were a few hundred degrees centigrade, the selenium powder in a quartz boat was evaporated at atmospheric temperature just below the heater. The copper vapor that evaporated from the heater was mixed with the stream of selenium vapor,and selenide was formed near the boat. If then condensed by rapid cooling due to the collision with inert gas, thus forming smoke similar to that from the metallic sulfide formation. Particles were collected and studied by a Hitachi H-800 electron microscope.Figure 3 shows typical EM images of the produced copper selenide particles. The morphology was different by the crystal structure, i.e. round shaped plate (CuSe;hexagona1 a=0.39,C=l.723 nm) ,definite shaped p1 ate(Cu5Se4;Orthorhombic;a=0.8227 , b=1.1982 , c=0.641 nm) and a tetrahedron(Cu1.8Se; cubic a=0.5739 nm). In the case of compound ultrafine particles there have been no observation for the particles of the tetrahedron shape. Since the crystal structure of Cu1.8Se is the anti-f1uorite structure, there has no polarity.

scholarly journals New Maskless Film Making Method Using Ultra Fine Particles.

Materia Japan ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Fuchita ◽  
Masaaki Oda ◽  
Chikara Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles ◽  
Film Making

Ultrafeine Partikel im Abgas von Humankremationsanlagen/Ultra-fine particles in the flue gas of human crematories

Gefahrstoffe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (01-02) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Köhler ◽  
A. Ohle ◽  
M. Beckmann ◽  
S. Steinau ◽  
F. Tettich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles

Der Anteil an Kremationen (Feuerbestattungen) nimmt in Deutschland seit Jahren zu und umfasst bereits mehr als 65 % aller Bestattungen. Grenzwerte für die Emissionen von Feinstaub oder die Anzahl ultrafeiner Partikel (UFP) existieren nicht und bisher sind auch keine systematischen Untersuchungen bekannt, welche Partikelemissionen in Krematorien auftreten. Daher kann zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt nicht beurteilt werden, ob es sich bei Krematorien um nennenswerte Feinstaubquellen handelt. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wurden die reingasseitigen UFP-Konzentrationen in zehn Krematorien unterschiedlichen Bau- bzw. Modernisierungsjahres und mit verschiedenen Abgasreinigungstechnologien gemessen. Über die Kremationsdauer gemittelte UFP-Konzentrationen zwischen 1,19 · 10³ und 4,26 · 107 cm–3 wurden erfasst. Die höchsten Konzentrationen zeigten sich bei Anlagen mit Flugstromverfahren, deren Filtereinheiten unmittelbar vor der nächsten Revision standen. Bei Anlagen gleichen Typs mit gewarteten Filtereinheiten lag die mittlere UFP-Konzentration zwei Größenordnungen darunter.

Vaporization and Ultra-Fine Particle Generation during the Plasma Spraying Process

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Gross ◽  
P. Fauchais ◽  
M. Vardelle ◽  
J. Tikkanen ◽  
J. Keskinen
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Thermal Spray Process ◽  
Particle Generation ◽  
Spray Process ◽  
Ultra Fine Particle ◽  
Fast Cooling ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles ◽  
Plasma Spraying Process ◽  
Very High

Abstract The thermal spray process melts powder at very high temperatures and propels the molten material to the substrate to produce a coherent deposit. This heating produces a certain amount of vaporization of the feedstock. Upon exiting the plasma plume the fast cooling conditions lead to condensation of the vapor. An electrical low pressure impactor was used to monitor the concentration of ultra-fine particles at various radial and axial distances. Metal, namely iron powder, showed very high concentration levels which increase with distance. Ultra-fine particles from ZrO2-8Y2O3 reached a peak concentration at 6 cm. Use of an air barrier during spraying decreases the population of ultra-fine particles facilitating the production of a stronger coating.

scholarly journals Welding, Bonding, Brazing. Part II. Titanium Brazing with Ultra Fine Particles.

Shinku ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 302-305
Author(s):  
Seiichirou KASHU ◽  
Yasuo MIHARA ◽  
Chikara HAYASHI
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles

Gas anti-solvent recrystallization of RDX: Formation of ultra-fine particles of a difficult-to-comminute explosive

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Gallagher ◽  
M.P. Coffey ◽  
V.J. Krukonis ◽  
W.W. Hillstrom
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles
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