scholarly journals The approximated dynamic vehicle characteristics constructed based on the driving tests

2011 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Kazimierz ROMANISZYN ◽  
Henryk WNĘK
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Class C ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Engine Crankshaft ◽  
Combined Data

The paper presents the issue of the construction of the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions dynamic characteristics based on the data obtained during the NEDC and FTP-75 driving tests. The results presented in the publication are based on the tests of a class C vehicle, performed in a certified exhaust emissions laboratory. The distributions of engine crankshaft accelerations as a function of its speed for both tests at 1-second intervals have been collated. At these points the measurements of the exhaust emissions were carried out. The authors described the conditions in which modal measurements of the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in both tests were carried out. The results of the measurements were used for the construction of the approximated characteristics being the functions of velocity and acceleration of the engine crankshaft. Based on the obtained measuring results the approximated dynamic characteristics of the emissions of the four main exhaust components have been developed and the approximations were done with the use of the third order functions. An analysis of the obtained results has been performed and the authors presented the differences resulting from the construction of the above characteristics based on the combined data from the NEDC and FTP-75 tests and each of the tests separately. Moreover, the differences between the data obtained from the individual tests have been presented and evaluated graphically. The obtained results have been summarized and evaluated.

scholarly journals The use of piston engine brake as related to the emission of selected exhaust gas components

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Kazimierz ROMANISZYN
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Piston Engine ◽  
Modal System ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Class C ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emissions ◽  
Combined Data

The paper includes a brief description of the methodology of obtaining dynamic characteristics of four basic exhaust gas emissions: CO2, CO, HC and NOx based on combined data from road tests on the engine test beds NEDC and FTP-75. The characteristics developed through tests on a class C motor-car have been presented. The possible advantages thanks to the application of the dynamic characteristics developed have been indicated. The significant values of emission during engine braking have been pointed out. For a wider recognition of this area of dynamic characteristics, special chassis tests were carried out on the engine test bed, recording the emissions of the exhaust gas components listed in the modal system with 0.4 s rate in the test of full engine braking on III, IV and V gear. The results were summarized and assessed.

Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions From a 1,125 kW Multiple Genset Switcher Locomotive

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randell L. Honc ◽  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
Michael B. Schell ◽  
Andrew Tarnow ◽  
Adam Bennett
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Large Displacement ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Generator Sets

Conventional switcher or shunting locomotives in North America are powered by a single Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) 12 or 16 cylinder 645E engine which operate at eight distinct power levels, plus idle, at engine speeds ranging from 250 to 900 rpm, and power ratings of 1125 to 1500 kW. The individual power (notch) settings are weighted according to an established duty cycle to obtain overall fuel consumption and exhaust emission rates. Recently introduced locomotive power systems utilize multiple smaller displacement non-road diesel engines packaged as individual generator sets to obtain a cleaner and more efficient locomotive. This paper compares exhaust emissions and fuel consumption from a conventional switcher locomotive with a single large displacement engine to that of a repowered locomotive utilizing three 345 kW generators.

scholarly journals Comparison of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions in WLTP and NEDC procedures

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191
Author(s):  
Grzegorz KOSZAŁKA ◽  
Andrzej SZCZOTKA ◽  
Andrzej SUCHECKI
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
The Third ◽  
Driving Cycles

Fuel consumption achieved in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) could be 50% lower than the fuel consumption in real driving conditions and in the case of emissions of regulated toxic compounds the differences could even be much greater. In order to bring the results achieved in official tests closer to real life figures, the European Commission introduced in 2017 the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), which replaced the NEDC. In this article the results of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions for 3 cars fitted with engines of the same displacement but with direct and indirect gasoline injection, determined according to the NEDC and WLTC were presented. The results show that the effect of driving cycle on the fuel consumption is equivocal – for one car, fuel consumption was higher in the WLTC; for the other one in the NEDC; and for the third one, fuel consumption achieved in both driving cycles was practically the same. Emissions of regulated exhaust compounds, except for THC, obtained in the WLTC were higher than in the NEDC driving cycle.

Breathers and multiple rogue waves solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150183
Author(s):  
Hong-Yi Zhang ◽  
Yu-Feng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Rogue Wave ◽  
Rogue Waves ◽  
Hirota Bilinear Method ◽  
Bilinear Method ◽  
Third Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wave Solutions ◽  
Hirota Bilinear

In this paper, we construct the breathers of the (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa (JM) equation by means of the Hirota bilinear method, then based on the Hirota bilinear method with a new ansatz form, the multiple rogue wave solutions are constructed. Here, we discuss the general breathers, first-order rogue waves, the second-order rogue waves and the third-order rogue waves. Then we draw the 3- and 2-dimensional plots to illustrate the dynamic characteristics of breathers and multiple rogue waves. These interesting results will help us better reveal (3+1)-dimensional JM equation evolution mechanism.

scholarly journals Dynamics Models of Synchronized Piecewise Linear Discrete Chaotic Systems of High Order

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Sokolov ◽  
Anton Zhilenkov ◽  
Sergei Chernyi ◽  
Anatoliy Nyrkov ◽  
David Mamunts
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Chaotic Systems ◽  
Phase Synchronization ◽  
Piecewise Linear ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Discrete Phase ◽  
Dynamics Models ◽  
Nonlinear Motions

This paper deals with the methods for investigating the nonlinear dynamics of discrete chaotic systems (DCS) applied to piecewise linear systems of the third order. The paper proposes an approach to the analysis of the systems under research and their improvement. Thus, effective and mathematically sound methods for the analysis of nonlinear motions in the models under consideration are proposed. It makes it possible to obtain simple calculated relations for determining the basic dynamic characteristics of systems. Based on these methods, the authors developed algorithms for calculating the dynamic characteristics of discrete systems, i.e. areas of the existence of steady-state motion, areas of stability, capture band, and parameters of transients. By virtue of the developed methods and algorithms, the dynamic modes of several models of discrete phase synchronization systems can be analyzed. They are as follows: Pulsed and digital different orders, dual-ring systems of various types, including combined ones, and systems with cyclic interruption of auto-tuning. The efficiency of various devices for information processing, generation and stabilization could be increased by using the mentioned discrete synchronization systems on the grounds of the results of the analysis. We are now developing original software for analyzing the dynamic characteristics of various classes of discrete phase synchronization systems, based on the developed methods and algorithms.

scholarly journals To the question of modernity and corresponding representations of subjectivity: “dividual” and social organizations

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ivan Nikolaevich Belonogov
Keyword(s):  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Loss Of Autonomy ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Philosophical Community ◽  
Current Stage

This article is part of the extensive research of value characteristics of IT community and their potential for innovative development. In view of this, the author examines the problem of determination of the modern cultural situation and, as a result, deduction of the criterion that establishes what “modern” is. Based on the previously acquired conclusions (according to which, such criterion is the consideration of irreducible multiplicity, and the major risk is the loss of autonomy by individuals), the author aims to find the model of subjectivity that would be simultaneously multiple and autonomous. The search for the model that meets such criterion is carried out through referring to the control technologies developed within the framework of third-order cybernetics. The novelty of this article consists in peculiarity of the approach towards solution of the set task: the question in the form and method of determination of modernity has been first raised and  solved within the framework of the Russian academic philosophical community at  the previous stage of research, which determines the relevance at the current stage as well. Comparison of the developments of Russian and foreign authors reveals the parallelism between the development of cybernetics and psychoanalysis; demonstrates the conceptual intersections of the third-order cybernetics and schizoanalysis; establishes the conformity between the subjectivity of the individual and the type of organizations they are engaged in. The article offers the concept of “dividual” as a model suitable for solution of the set task. The conclusions is made that the existing potential of the IT community for modernization is neutralized in the context of transition towards the hierarchical structure of the organization.

Probe size and 5th-order aberration

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 134-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Shao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Cylindrical Symmetry ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Probe Radius ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Probe Size

A small electron probe has many applications in many fields and in the case of the STEM, the probe size essentially determines the ultimate resolution. However, there are many difficulties in obtaining a very small probe.Spherical aberration is one of them and all existing probe forming systems have non-zero spherical aberration. The ultimate probe radius is given byδ = 0.43Csl/4ƛ3/4where ƛ is the electron wave length and it is apparent that δ decreases only slowly with decreasing Cs. Scherzer pointed out that the third order aberration coefficient always has the same sign regardless of the field distribution, provided only that the fields have cylindrical symmetry, are independent of time and no space charge is present. To overcome this problem, he proposed a corrector consisting of octupoles and quadrupoles.

Children’s Recall of Approximations to English

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Carrow ◽  
Michael Mauldin
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Index ◽  
General Linguistic

As a general index of language development, the recall of first through fourth order approximations to English was examined in four, five, six, and seven year olds and adults. Data suggested that recall improved with age, and increases in approximation to English were accompanied by increases in recall for six and seven year olds and adults. Recall improved for four and five year olds through the third order but declined at the fourth. The latter finding was attributed to deficits in semantic structures and memory processes in four and five year olds. The former finding was interpreted as an index of the development of general linguistic processes.

Combining Values

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4, 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Common Error ◽  
The Third ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Impairment Ratings ◽  
Upper Extremity Impairment ◽  
The Individual

Abstract To account for the effects of multiple impairments, evaluating physicians must provide a summary value that combines multiple impairments so the whole person impairment is equal to or less than the sum of all the individual impairment values. A common error is to add values that should be combined and typically results in an inflated rating. The Combined Values Chart in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fifth Edition, includes instructions that guide physicians about combining impairment ratings. For example, impairment values within a region generally are combined and converted to a whole person permanent impairment before combination with the results from other regions (exceptions include certain impairments of the spine and extremities). When they combine three or more values, physicians should select and combine the two lowest values; this value is combined with the third value to yield the total value. Upper extremity impairment ratings are combined based on the principle that a second and each succeeding impairment applies not to the whole unit (eg, whole finger) but only to the part that remains (eg, proximal phalanx). Physicians who combine lower extremity impairments usually use only one evaluation method, but, if more than one method is used, the physician should use the Combined Values Chart.

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