scholarly journals Life-cycle consumption patterns at older ages in the US and the UK: can medical expenditures explain the difference?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Levell ◽  
James Banks ◽  
Richard Blundell ◽  
James Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Medical Expenditures ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Incremental Dental Expenditures Associated With Diabetes Among Noninstitutionalized U.S. Adults Aged ≥18 Years Old in 2016–2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Elizabeth T. Luman ◽  
Susan O. Griffin ◽  
Deborah B. Rolka
Keyword(s):  
Dental Care ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Dental Service ◽  
Medical Expenditures ◽  
Preventive Dental Care ◽  
Surgical Services ◽  
The Us ◽  
Service Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Design And Methods

<b>OBJECTIVE</b> <div><p>Diabetes is associated with poor oral health, but incremental expenditures for dental care associated with diabetes in the U.S. are unknown. We aimed to quantify these incremental expenditures per person and for the nation. </p> <p><b>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</b></p> <p>We analyzed data from 46,633 non-institutionalized adults aged ≥18 years old who participated in the 2016–2017 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. We used two-part models to estimate dental expenditures per person in total, by payment source, and by dental service type, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and geographic variables. Incremental expenditure was the difference in predicted expenditure for dental care between adults with and without diabetes. The total expenditure for the US was the expenditure per person multiplied by the estimated number of people with diabetes. Expenditures were adjusted to 2017 US dollars.</p> <p><b>RESULTS</b></p> <p>The mean adjusted annual diabetes-associated incremental dental expenditure was $77 per person and $1.9 billion for the nation. Fifty-one percent ($40) and 39% ($30) of this incremental expenditure were paid out-of-pocket and by private insurance; 69% ($53) of the incremental expenditure was for restorative/prosthetic/surgical services; and adults with diabetes had lower expenditure for preventive services than those without (incremental -$7). Incremental expenditures were higher in older adults, non-Hispanic whites, and people with higher levels of income and education. </p> <p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p> <p>Diabetes is associated with higher dental expenditures. These results fill a gap in the estimates of total medical expenditures associated with diabetes in the US and highlight the importance of preventive dental care among people with diabetes.</p></div>

An Overview of Real-Estate Prices

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radu S. Tunaru
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Commercial Real Estate ◽  
Fixed Income ◽  
The Us ◽  
Asset Class ◽  
Asset Classes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Real Estate Prices ◽  
The Uk

This chapter provides a brief overview of real-estate prices, describing the importance of this asset class for the economies worldwide, from the US and the UK to Asian and Pacific countries. The difference between residential and commercial real-estate is emphasized early on in this introductory chapter. The chapter ends with some discussion of empirical characteristics of real-estate prices time series through some models, highlighting the different nature of this asset class as compared with other established financial asset classes such as equity, foreign exchange, or fixed income.

Academic Salaries in the UK and US

2004 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Andrew Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Future Earnings ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Academic Salaries ◽  
The Uk

We examine the wages of graduates inside and outside of academe in both the UK and US. We find that in both the UK and the US an average graduate working in the HE sector would earn less over his or her lifetime than graduates working in non-academic sectors. The largest disparity occurs throughout the earlier and middle career period and so if people discount their future earnings, the difference will be even greater than these figures suggest. Academics in the UK earn less than academics in the US at all ages. This difference cannot be explained by differences in observable characteristics such as age, gender or ethnicity. This leads us to conclude that the differences in UK and US academic wages are unlikely to be due to differences in the academics themselves, but rather to differences in labour markets generally and in systems of higher education between the two countries, which suggests that there is a strong pay incentive for academics to migrate from the UK to the US.

scholarly journals Adequate Dosing of Micronutrients for Different Age Groups in the Life Cycle

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (3_suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S7-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Bienz ◽  
Hector Cori ◽  
Dietrich Hornig
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
Nutrient Supplements ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

Many studies of micronutrient supplementation in developing countries have used single-nutrient supplements with either vitamins or minerals. However, people in these countries often suffer from multiple, rather than single, micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this paper is to discuss the factors that go into determining the adequate dosing of vitamins and/or minerals for people of different ages. To elaborate on the adequacy of micronutrient doses in supplements, a model described by the US FNB was used, which calculates the difference between the mean observed intake for an individual and the estimated average requirement for a life stage and gender group. This model allows estimating the degree of confidence that a certain nutrient intake (from supplements and diet) is adequate. The US/Canadian DRI values have been used as the basis for these calculations, from which it can be concluded that a daily supplement of one RDA of each micronutrient is adequate to cover the personal requirements of all individuals in each respective age and gender group of the population, provided that 20 to 40% of an RDA is supplied by the diet—likely a realistic value for developing countries. DRI values vary significantly between different age groups, reflecting changing needs over a life cycle. With the objective of a supplement to be adequate and safe, the design of a one-for-all supplement covering all age groups is not realistic. Such a supplement would either underscore or surpass the required intake of some of the age groups. Additionally the dosage of certain micronutrients might exceed the upper level of intake for lower age groups. Therefore, it is suggested that three different supplements following the one RDA concept for all micronutrients be developed for research use in developing countries for the following age groups: 1 to 3 years, 4 to 13 years, and females >14 years (excluding during pregnancy).

Abstract 15256: Predicting Out-of-office Blood Pressure in United States Adults

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon K Bellows ◽  
Jingyu Xu ◽  
James P Sheppard ◽  
Joseph E Schwartz ◽  
Daichi Shimbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Office Blood Pressure ◽  
Classification Error ◽  
Masked Hypertension ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Validation Set ◽  
The Uk

Introduction: The Predicting Out-of-Office Blood Pressure in the Clinic (PROOF-BP) algorithm accurately estimates out-of-office BP to guide ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) among adults in the UK and Canada with suspected high BP. We tested the validity of PROOF-BP in a diverse US population and developed a US-specific algorithm. Methods: We pooled data from four US studies (CARDIA, JHS, Masked Hypertension Study, and Improving Detection of Hypertension Study) that assessed both office BP and 24-hour ABPM. We included participants with >=2 office and >=10 daytime ambulatory BP readings. PROOF-BP estimates the difference between office systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) and daytime ambulatory SBP and DBP using clinic BP measurements and patient characteristics. We examined the performance of PROOF-BP in US data and then used multivariable linear regression to develop a new algorithm optimized for the US population. We tested the ability of PROOF-BP to discriminate high awake ambulatory SBP and DBP (SBP/DBP >=130/80 mm Hg) using the area under the receiver-operator curve (AUROC). Models were developed in a 70% randomly selected derivation set and tested in a 30% validation set. The optimal predicted ambulatory BP thresholds were defined as those that resulted in the smallest proportion of individuals recommended for ABPM with an overall classification error <20% among those not screened. Results: We analyzed 3,080 individuals with a mean (SD) age of 52.0 (11.9) years, 38% were male, and 54% were black. Mean (SD) office SBP/DBP was 121.8 (16.6)/75.3 (9.8) mm Hg, mean (SD) awake ambulatory SBP/DBP was 127.3 (13.5)/78.6 (8.8) mm Hg, and 51% had awake ABPM >=130/80 mm Hg. The discrimination for high awake ABPM was similar between the existing (AUROC SBP = 0.77, DBP = 0.73) and US-specific models (AUROC SBP = 0.77, DBP = 0.72). Optimal predicted ambulatory BP thresholds with the US-specific algorithm were 125-134/75-84 mm Hg, resulting in 55% of the pooled cohort recommended for ABPM; compared to 66% recommended by the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines. Conclusions: Both the original and US-specific PROOF-BP algorithms predicted high out-of-office BP among US adults. PROOF-BP may be used to guide clinical decisions and resource allocation among individuals considered for ABPM.

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