scholarly journals Key factors for increasing farmer participation in markets: evidence from the Malian dairy sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Ryan Vroegindewey ◽  
Robert B. Richardson ◽  
Véronique Thériault
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Water Feed ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Female Headed Households

Substantial growth in Malian milk supply is necessary to meet rising demand for dairy products while also improving the livelihoods of milk producers and strengthening the competitiveness of the Malian dairy sector against imports. We applied a Cragg two-tiered model to a nationally representative dataset of dairy farming households to examine factors influencing market participation decisions. Four key findings and corresponding policy implications emerged. Firstly, dairy herd size was positively associated with market entry and milk sales. Improving the dissemination of higher-yielding improved breeds, to which less than 10% of households had access, should result in an increase in milk supply. Secondly, herd access to water, feed, and veterinary care also had the positive effect of increased milk supply, highlighting the importance of increased investment in animal health and nutrition. Thirdly, female-headed households were more likely to enter milk markets and they sold greater volumes than male-headed households. Because women typically face inequitable access to productive resources, gender-responsive policies and programs in the dairy sector should help to stimulate milk supply. Fourthly, an increase in milk price was associated with an increase in milk sales. This provides evidence that Malian milk producers are responsive to price incentives, while underlining the importance of incorporating dairy products into existing market information systems.

Local Dairy Supply Chains: A Profitability Analysis in Haryana

2020 ◽  
pp. 508-511
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Food System ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Dairy Processing

The shorter food supply chains were the emerging trend in the agro-food system. The characteristic of local food supply chains are regional, freshness, quality products, and health benefits to the consumers. The present study explores the existing local dairy supply chains in the Haryana state. The local dairy supply chains were analysed and found that the shorter milk supply chains were more profitable with reduced intermediaries and higher producer shares in consumer rupees for all dairy products. The supply chains which involved intermediaries had lesser cost per unit of operation in dairy processing but fetched lower prices due to the quality issues and more distance travelled by dairy products. The economic viability and financial position of the processing units exhibited favourable results for both supply chains but it was higher for Supply Chain-I.

scholarly journals Exploring Attitudes About the Legality of Self-Managed Abortion in the US: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Raifman ◽  
M. Antonia Biggs ◽  
Lauren Ralph ◽  
Katherine Ehrenreich ◽  
Daniel Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Law ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Introduction Twenty-four states have at least one law in place that could be used to prosecute people for self-managed abortion (SMA), or the termination of a pregnancy outside of the formal healthcare system. We investigated factors associated with public attitudes about SMA legality and legal access to abortion more generally. Methods In August 2017, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of English- and Spanish-speaking women ages 18–49 years in the United States (US) using Ipsos Public Affairs’ KnowledgePanel. Unadjusted and adjusted multinomial logistic regression estimates identify characteristics associated with believing that SMA should not be against the law, compared to should be against the law, with weighting to account for sampling into the panel. Results Overall, 76% (95% CI: 74.3%-77.1%) and 59% (95% CI: 57.3%-60.4%) of participants (n = 7,022, completion rate 50%) reported that abortion and SMA, respectively, should not be against the law; 1% and 19% were unsure. Among those living in a state with at least one law that could be used to prosecute an individual for SMA, the majority (55%, 95% CI: 52.7%-57.9%) believed SMA should not be against the law. Factors associated with believing SMA should not be against the law, compared to should be against the law, included prior abortion experience and higher levels of education and income. Conclusion Most reproductive age women in the US believe that SMA should not be criminalized. There is more uncertainty about SMA legality than about the legality of abortion more generally. Policy Implications US laws that criminalize SMA are not supported by the majority of the people living in their jurisdictions.

scholarly journals Bovine Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Outbreak Duration in Cattle Herds in Ireland: A Retrospective Observational Study

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Andrew W. Byrne ◽  
Damien Barrett ◽  
Philip Breslin ◽  
Jamie M. Madden ◽  
James O'Keeffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) outbreaks, caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection, are a costly animal health challenge. Understanding factors associated with the duration of outbreaks, known as breakdowns, could lead to better disease management policy development. We undertook a retrospective observational study (2012–2018) and employed Finite Mixture Models (FMM) to model the outcome parameter, and to investigate how factors were associated with duration for differing subpopulations identified. In addition to traditional risk factors (e.g., herd size, bTB history), we also explored farm geographic area, parcels/farm fragmentation, metrics of intensity via nitrogen loading, and whether herds were designated controlled beef finishing units (CBFU) as potential risk factors for increased duration. The final model fitted log-normal distributions, with two latent classes (k) which partitioned the population into a subpopulation around the central tendency of the distribution, and a second around the tails of the distribution. The latter subpopulation included longer breakdowns of policy interest. Increasing duration was positively associated with recent (<3 years) TB history and the number of reactors disclosed, (log) herd size, beef herd-type relative to other herd types, number of land parcels, area, being designated a CBFU (“feedlot”) and having high annual inward cattle movements within the “tails” subpopulation. Breakdown length was negatively associated with the year of commencement of breakdown (i.e., a decreasing trend) and non-significantly with the organic nitrogen produced on the farm (N kg/hectare), a measure of stocking density. The latter finding may be due to confounding effects with herd size and area. Most variables contributed only moderately to explaining variation in breakdown duration, that is, they had moderate size effects on duration. Herd-size and CBFU had greater effect sizes on the outcome. The findings contribute to evidence-based policy formation in Ireland.

scholarly journals Commercial practice of out-wintering dairy heifers in Great Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Norton E. Atkins ◽  
Keith E. Walley ◽  
Liam A. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Strip Grazing

The majority of dairy cattle in Great Britain (GB) are housed during winter but replacement heifers are out-wintered on some farms, a practice that may reduce the need for high capital-cost housing and facilitate herd expansion. Dairy farmers that were out-wintering replacement heifers in GB in 2012 were surveyed to determine current practice and attitudes. A typical system involved heifers strip grazing pasture or a crop, with baled grass silage as supplementary feed; strongly resembling outdoor wintering systems in New Zealand. Many used more than one grazed forage; predominantly, pasture on 68%, kale on 53% and fodder beet on 33% of farms. Supplementary feed was 44% of the diet in younger, and 35% in older heifers. Although farms were approximately three times larger than the national average and 60% were expanding, expanding herd size was not the primary reason for out-wintering, with the main reasons being to reduce cost and improve animal health and welfare. Farmers that out-wintered heifers typically reported good animal average dairy gain of 0.6 kg/d and high body condition, however, this contrasts with some measured performance in GB. Farmers may benefit from accurate feed allocation and monitoring heifer live weight during winter to ensure high performance.  

An Analysis of Teacher Sorting in Secondary Special Education and Alternative Schools

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Mason-Williams ◽  
Joseph Calvin Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Secondary Teachers ◽  
Alternative Schools ◽  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Alternative School ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Content Areas ◽  
School Settings ◽  
Nationally Representative

This study provides nationally representative information about the qualifications and preparation of secondary content and special education teachers in special education and alternative school settings, as compared with teachers in regular schools. Findings demonstrate that a statistically significant relationship did not exist between school types and many teacher inputs. However, a relationship between special education preparation and setting did exist among secondary content teachers. Moreover, results highlight the inadequate number of secondary teachers, both in content areas and in special education, who held a degree and/or certification in special education. Practical and policy implications of these findings are discussed, and limitations are addressed.

The Effect of Parental Demographics on Parental Assessment of Adolescent Internet Addiction

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Chiho Ok ◽  
Jisun Lim
Keyword(s):  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Parental Assessment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Parental Evaluation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Policies And Programs

This article investigates how adolescent Internet addiction is assessed by parents based on children's Internet use time and parental demographic characteristics. The authors measured children's level of Internet addiction based on Young's scale evaluated by their parents to mitigate the social desirability bias in self-reported surveys when children evaluate themselves. Based on Korean General Social Survey data, which is nationally representative in South Korea, they analyzed 219 individuals and found that as the time of Internet use of children increased, the level of Internet addiction evaluated by parents increased. In addition, this relationship was moderated by parental demographic characteristics such that higher age, lower educational attainment, and higher Internet use time tend to decrease the parental evaluation of their children's Internet addiction. Results suggest that policies and programs related to children's Internet addiction should be focused more on parents from specific demographic groups.

scholarly journals Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Tugault-Lafleur ◽  
Jennifer Black
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Food Consumed

This study examined differences in food and beverage intake estimated from nationally representative surveys of Canadians in 2004 and 2015 collected through the Canadian Community Health Surveys. Differences in mean daily energy intake and amounts of food consumed were compared between 2004 and 2015 and across age groups for all energy reporters (aged 2 years+) and among only plausible energy reporters. From 2004 to 2015, mean energy intake decreased by 228 kcal/day (all energy reporters) and 74 kcal/day (plausible energy reporters). Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of meat and alternatives but fewer servings of vegetables and fruit and milk and alternatives in 2015 compared to 2004. Analyses of food subgroups revealed that Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of dark green and orange vegetables, dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds, and eggs but fewer servings of potatoes, other vegetables, fruit juices, fluid milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages in 2015 compared to 2004. While some aspects of the Canadian diet have improved, daily mean intake of other nutritious foods either stagnated or worsened over time. Continued attention is needed to improve population-level intakes of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and protein foods such as legumes, nuts, seeds, and lower fat dairy products.

School Tobacco Control Policies Related to Students’ Smoking and Attitudes Toward Smoking: National Survey Results, 1999-2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 780-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Revathy Kumar ◽  
Patrick M. O’Malley ◽  
Lloyd D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Policies ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Attitudes Toward Smoking

The belief that schools can play a powerful role in preventing tobacco use among adolescents has led to the implementation of various tobacco-related polices and practices. This study examines the association between school policies regarding monitoring student behavior, severity of action taken for infraction of policies, and tobacco use by staff, and student smoking behavior and attitudes. Data on students’ smoking behavior and attitudes were obtained from the 1999 and 2000 Monitoring the Future surveys of nationally representative samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students. Data on school policies and practices were obtained from administrators in those same schools. Hierarchical analyses using HLM5 were conducted. Strictness of monitoring was significantly negatively associated with daily cigarette use by middle school students. Permitting staff to smoke was significantly positively associated with students’ daily cigarette use and negatively with their disapproval of cigarette use. Policy implications are discussed.

Effects of Fear and Anger on Perceived Risks of Terrorism

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Lerner ◽  
Roxana M. Gonzalez ◽  
Deborah A. Small ◽  
Baruch Fischhoff
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Risk Judgments ◽  
Test Current

The aftermath of September 11th highlights the need to understand how emotion affects citizens' responses to risk. It also provides an opportunity to test current theories of such effects. On the basis of appraisal-tendency theory, we predicted opposite effects for anger and fear on risk judgments and policy preferences. In a nationally representative sample of Americans (N = 973, ages 13–88), fear increased risk estimates and plans for precautionary measures; anger did the opposite. These patterns emerged with both experimentally induced emotions and naturally occurring ones. Males had less pessimistic risk estimates than did females, emotion differences explaining 60 to 80% of the gender difference. Emotions also predicted diverging public policy preferences. Discussion focuses on theoretical, methodological, and policy implications.

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