scholarly journals Evaluation de la stabulation comme moyen de protection des bovins des piqûres de Culicoides, vecteurs de la fièvre catarrhale ovine

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
M. Baylis ◽  
H. Parkin ◽  
K. Kreppel ◽  
Simon Carpenter ◽  
P.S. Mellor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Trap ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Maximum Wind ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
North Wales ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Obsoletus Complex

Light-trap catches of Culicoides biting midges were compared inside and outside animal housing, in the presence and in the absence of cattle. A three-time replicated 4x4 Latin square design was used at four farms in Bala, North Wales, over 12 nights in May and June; the experiment was repeated in October. In the two studies, over 70,000 and over 4500 Culicoides were trapped of which 93% and 86%, respectively, belonged to C. Obsoletus complex. Across the four farms, in May and June, the presence of cattle increased catches of C. obsoletus by 2.3 times, and outside traps caught them 6.5 times more than inside traps. Similar patterns were apparent in October, but the difference between inside and outside catches was reduced. Catches were strongly correlated with minimum temperature and maximum wind speed, and these two variables explained a large amount of night-to-night variation in catch. Outside catches were reduced to a greater extent than inside catches by colder minimum tem­peratures and stronger maximum wind speeds. These conditions occurred more frequently in October than in May and June, thereby suppressing the outside catches more than the inside catches, and reducing the apparent degree of exophily of C. obsoletus in autumn. The results suggest that the risk of animals receiving bites from C. obsoletus is reduced by housing at both times of year, but the benefit would be greatest on warm, still nights when outside catches are at their greatest.

The analysis and standardisation of light-trap catches of Heliothis armiger (Hübner) and H. punctiger Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Morton ◽  
L. D. Tuart ◽  
K. G. Wardhaugh
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Hourly Distribution ◽  
A Site ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractHourly and nightly catches of Heliothis armiger (Hb.) and H. punctiger Wllgr. at a site adjacent to 2000 ha of commercial cotton in the Namoi Valley of New South Wales, were analysed in relation to various environmental factors and showed that wind speed, temperature, night-length and (H. armiger only) moonlight exerted a significant influence on trap-catch. For H. punctiger and H. armiger respectively, these factors accounted for 80 and 60% of the deviance in hourly catches but only 70 and 40% of the variation in nightly catches. Wind speeds of more than 1·7 m/s suppressed the catch of both species but had a greater effect on H. punctiger than H. armiger. Whereas with both species, the optimum temperature for trapping was about 27°C, temperature had a greater influence on the catch of H. punctiger than of H. armiger. Bright moonlight was estimated to reduce the catch of H. armiger by 49%, but no significant effect was detected for H. punctiger. The analysis revealed a number of occasions for both species in which the hourly distribution of catch and/or the change in catch between successive nights was aberrant. With H. armiger, these inconsistencies appeared to be associated with changes in population due to adult emergence, whereas for H. punctiger the most likely cause seemed to be changes due to movement. The combined effects of wind speed, temperature, night-length and moonlight were used to adjust the nightly catches of each species according to the environmental conditions prevailing on a ‘ standard’ night. This was defined as a typical summer's night with temperatures decreasing from 28·8°C at dusk to 20·6°C at dawn and ideal catching conditions, i.e. no moon and wind speed never exceeding 1·7 m/s. As such, the adjusted catches could be taken as indices of moth abundance. These showed that H. armiger had three discrete periods of abundance, characterised by the presence of large numbers of young moths and spaced at intervals suggesting successive generations. A similar pattern was lacking in H. punctiger, which was abundant only during the first half of the season. Except during periods of emergence (H.armiger), or once when spraying occured during daylight, the aerial application of insecticides to the cotton adjecent to the light-trap resulted in marked reductions in the populations of both species.

Some effects of weather and moonlight on light-trap catches of the army-worm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), at Muguga, Kenya

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Douthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Spodoptera Exempta ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe effects of wind speed, wind direction, strong moonlight and rainfall on hourly light-trap catches of adult Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.) made at Muguga, Kenya, between January and June in 1970 and 1971 were investigated. The highest catches occurred in winds of 2–3 m/s, but generally, fewer moths were caught as wind speed increased. In totally dark hours the geometric mean catch at wind speeds of 5–6 m/s was about one-tenth that at 0–1 m/s. The relationship between catch and wind speed changed between January and June. Wind direction and change in direction were not significantly related to catch. The geometric means of catches made in strong moonlight were about one-tenth those in total darkness at comparable wind speeds. Rainfall was associated with higher catches in seven out of eight months, but the differences were significant in only two months. Recognition of the association between light winds and large numbers of S. exempta should assist forecasting, but a fuller understanding of the relationship between light-trap catch and population requires a method of population assessment that is independent of the effects of weather and moonlight.

scholarly journals Comparaison de l'efficacité de quatre modèles de pièges lumineux pour la collecte de Culicoides piqueurs en Allemagne

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Probst ◽  
Helge Kampen ◽  
D. Werner ◽  
Jörn M. Gethmann ◽  
Franz J. Conraths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Livestock Species ◽  
Bluetongue Disease ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pièges Lumineux ◽  
Obsoletus Complex

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides are vectors of bluetongue disease, an OIE-listed animal disease which has recently led to severe economic losses in susceptible livestock species in Europe. Therefore, several affected countries conduct monitor­ing programmes for Culicoides spp. To compare the number and species composition of Culicoides obtained, the efficacy of various traps used to collect biting midges needs to be assessed. Four aspiration black light traps were thus compared: the Onderstepoort, John W. Hock, Riebt, and Biogents. One of the traps was operated from the 1st of April 2009 to determine the onset of increased Culicoides activity and thus the best time to start the study. The comparison was carried out from May 16th until September 26th. The traps were set up at four different sites on pastures of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut where cattle, sheep and goats were present. The comparison was carried out according to the Medreonet protocol in a 4×4 randomized Latin square design with one night of activity for each trap at each site. The highest number of Culicoides specimens was captured by the Onderstepoort (1245), followed by the Biogents (365), the Hock (30) and the Riebt (4) traps. The majority of midges caught was classified as belonging to the Obsoletus complex (1399), including C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus and C. chiopterus. Other encountered species were C. punctatus s.s. (87), C. albicans (78) and C. riethi (50). Most biting midges were collected in May (594) and June (575). In September only one Culicoides speci­men was caught. The results show that the trap model has a great impact on the number of Culicoides caught. Culicoides monitor­ing programmes should be harmonised by using the same type of trap everywhere or by adjusting the numbers of collected biting midges using a trap factor. The trap model should be taken into consideration in the decision to declare the seasonally-determined vector-free periods.

Stabling and the protection of horses from Culicoides bolitinos (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a recently identified vector of African horse sickness

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Meiswinkel ◽  
M. Baylis ◽  
K. Labuschagne
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
African Horse Sickness ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Suppressant Effect ◽  
Open Structures ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractThe stabling of horses at night reportedly offers protection from African horse sickness and the most significant vector of the disease, Culicoides imicolaKieffer, has been shown to be exophilic. In certain high-lying regions of South Africa, however, C. bolitinos Meiswinkel, may be the major vector of the disease but its entry behaviour into stables is unknown. Accordingly, in the eastern Free State province of South Africa, light trap catches of C. bolitinos inside stables and outside, were compared. Two horse-baited stables, one traditional, and one modern, were used and combinations of stable (old/new), ceiling fans (on/off) and accessibility to Culicoides (stable doors open/closed or windows gauzed/ungauzed) were investigated as treatments. A total of 111,452 Culicoides of 26 species was collected on 60 trap nights; C. bolitinos was dominant (89.1% overall) with C. imicola second in abundance (2.9%). Outside catches were greater on warmer, drier, evenings but were suppressed by high wind speeds. Catches of C. imicola inside stables with doors open, or with windows ungauzed, were less than the numbers captured outside. In contrast, more C. bolitinos were caught in open stables than outside, i.e. open structures may protect horses from the exophilic C. imicola, but may increase attack rates from the endophilic C. bolitinos. The closing of doors and the gauzing of windows, however, led to a 14-fold reduction in numbers of C. bolitinos and C. imicola entering stables. A well-gauzed ‘traditional’ stable was as effective as a closed ‘modern’stable. Ceiling fans had no suppressant effect.

EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia Mangostana L.) SEBAGAI OBAT ANTI DIARE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Zaim Anshari ◽  
Chrismis Novalinda Ginting ◽  
Linda Chiuman ◽  
Yuliani Mardiati Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Papaverine Hydrochloride

This study aims to determine whether mangosteen rind extract (in the form of ethanol extract/EE) can be used as an anti-diarrhea drug after compared with other anti-diarrhea substances in three experimental groups. This research is an in vitro experimental study using adult male guinea pigs weighing 400-600 gr through the standard method of Magnus with the Latin square controlled experiment design. The study was conducted at the Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of North Sumatra. The results showed that the contraction of ileum in Ach with Atp + Ach compared the difference in contraction of ileum Ach with EE + Ach showed the difference in difference between the two contractions of the ileum was significant, the contraction of ileum in His with Dip + His compared indifference in contraction of ileum His with EE + His showed a difference indifference. the two ileal contractions are significant, the ileal contraction in the bar with Papa + Bar compared to the difference between the ileum bar contraction with EE + Bar shows no difference in the difference between the two ileum contractions. The conclusion is that the Mangosteen Skin Ethanol Extract works similarly to Papaverine Hydrochloride which is an antidiarrheal drug used to relax smooth muscles so that it can also make blood vessels dilate by relaxing smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels.

scholarly journals Bluetongue virus in a Nigerian dairy cattle herd: 1. Serological studies and correlation of virus activity to vector population

1983 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. J. Herniman ◽  
J. P. T. Boorman ◽  
W. P. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Virus Activity ◽  
Serological Studies ◽  
Trap Catches

SUMMARYNewborn calves were bled at monthly intervals and examined for serum antibodies to bluetongue virus (BTV). Maternal immunity persisted for 3 months and it was possible to calculate decay rates for virus neutralizing antibody. Calves were subclinically infected with BTV within a few months of becoming susceptible and neutralization tests were used to deduce the serotype responsible. A profile of virus activity was built up over a 12 month period. Frequent light trap catches were used to examine the population dynamics of suspected Culicoides vector species. Two species, imicola and schultzei were present throughout the wet and dry seasons and survival rates were sufficiently long to account for virus transmission at any time of the year.

scholarly journals Meteorological conditions over Antarctic blue-ice areas and their influence on the local surface mass balance

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (156) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bintanja ◽  
Carleen H. Reijmer
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sublimation Rates ◽  
Different Characteristics

AbstractThis paper addresses the causes of the prevailing meteorological conditions observed over an Antarctic blue-ice area and their effect on the surface mass balance. Over blue-ice areas, net accumulation is zero and ablation occurs mainly through sublimation. Sublimation rates are much higher than over adjacent snowfields. The meteorological conditions favourable for high sublimation rates (warm, dry and gusty) are due to the specific orographic setting of this blue-ice area, with usually a steep upwind mountainous slope causing strong adiabatic heating. Diabatic warming due to radiation, and entrainment of warm air from aloft into the boundary layer augment the warming. The prevailing warm, dry conditions explain roughly 50% of the difference in sublimation, and the different characteristics of blue ice (mainly its lower albedo) the other 50%. Most of the annual sublimation (∼70%) takes place during the short summer (mainly in daytime), with winter ablation being restricted to occasional warm, dry föhn-like events. The additional moisture is effectively removed by entrainment and horizontal advection, which are maximum over the blue-ice area. Low-frequency turbulent motions induced by the upwind mountains enhance the vertical turbulent transports. Strong gusts and high peak wind speeds over blue-ice areas cause high potential snowdrift transports, which can easily remove the total precipitation, thereby maintaining zero accumulation.

scholarly journals Initial-Condition Sensitivities and the Predictability of Downslope Winds

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 3401-3418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Reinecke ◽  
Dale R. Durran
Keyword(s):  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Downslope Winds ◽  
First Case ◽  
Downslope Wind ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Strong Winds

Abstract The sensitivity of downslope wind forecasts to small changes in initial conditions is explored by using 70-member ensemble simulations of two prototypical windstorms observed during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX). The 10 weakest and 10 strongest ensemble members are composited and compared for each event. In the first case, the 6-h ensemble-mean forecast shows a large-amplitude breaking mountain wave and severe downslope winds. Nevertheless, the forecasts are very sensitive to the initial conditions because the difference in the downslope wind speeds predicted by the strong- and weak-member composites grows to larger than 28 m s−1 over the 6-h forecast. The structure of the synoptic-scale flow one hour prior to the windstorm and during the windstorm is very similar in both the weak- and strong-member composites. Wave breaking is not a significant factor in the second case, in which the strong winds are generated by a layer of high static stability flowing beneath a layer of weaker mid- and upper-tropospheric stability. In this case, the sensitivity to initial conditions is weaker but still significant. The difference in downslope wind speeds between the weak- and strong-member composites grows to 22 m s−1 over 12 h. During and one hour before the windstorm, the synoptic-scale flow exhibits appreciable differences between the strong- and weak-member composites. Although this case appears to be more predictable than the wave-breaking event, neither case suggests that much confidence should be placed in the intensity of downslope winds forecast 12 or more hours in advance.

scholarly journals Light trap catches of blackflies in southern part of Kyushu, Japan

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki TAKAOKA ◽  
Sinichi NODA ◽  
Susumu YAMAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Light Trap ◽  
Trap Catches
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