scholarly journals Programme national bulgare de surveillance du virus de la fièvre catarrhale : études de terrain et évaluation du risque en 2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
G. Georgiev ◽  
N. Nedelchev ◽  
L. Polihronova
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Évaluation Du Risque ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Bluetongue is a non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of both domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is endemic in some areas where cattle and wild ruminants serve as reservoirs for the virus. Some authors suggest that a fundamental change in the European ecosystem since 1998, mostly linked to climate change, may have influenced the introduction and sur­vival of BTV in Europe. Genetic analyses of bluetongue viruses isolated in Europe during this period showed that six virus types (1, 2, 4, 8, 9 and 16) have entered the region since that period. The aim of this presentation was to summarize the results of the National BTV Surveillance Programme, field studies, and risk assessment of BTV entry into Bulgaria in 2009.  As part of the Surveillance Programme of the disease in 2009, seroprevalence was performed in 19 sentinel BTV-seronegative animal herds, 7 of which were located in the western part of the country and the other 12 in the southern part, about 10 to 20 kil­ometres from the border. Each sentinel herd consisted of 10 large ear-tagged ruminants. The sentinel animals were tested every 30 days for the presence of BTV antibodies. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISAs) were used to determine the antibodies against the common group antigen. Fourteen Onderstepoort black light traps were set up for Culicoides surveil­lance and monitoring in southern and western border districts of the country after April 1, 2009. Catches of Culicoides were sorted by traditional identification keys. The risk of BTV invasion was assessed according to the World Organisation for Animal Health standards. The hazard identification, possibility of BT outbreaks, and assessment of the epidemiological situation in neighbour­ing countries were made based on other authors’ reports on the density of small and large ruminants, and economical and trade relations between countries. In addition, the BTV situation on a Greek Aegean Sea Island was closely monitored in 2008-09.  During the 2009 serum surveillance period, 3340 serum sam­ples from different species of ruminants were investigated, all with negative results for BTV antibodies; C. imicola was never detected in more than 12 years of Culicoides surveillance in Bulgaria. Analysis of 274 midges caught during 2009 showed that dominating Culicoides species were of the Obsoletus and Pulicaris complexes, well-known Palaearctic midges in Europe. The negative results from the Surveillance Programme supported the evidence of absence of active BTV circulation on the whole territory of Bulgaria during 2009. During the 2008-09 season, Greek Authorities reported several circulating BTV serotypes (1, 8, 16) on Lesvos Island. As the epidemiological situation on Greek islands in the Aegean Sea is complicated and not very clear, the risk of BTV entering Bulgaria ranges from high (in spring and summer) to moderate (in winter and autumn).

scholarly journals Risk-based surveillance for bluetongue virus in cattle on the south coast of England in 2017 and 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (11) ◽  
pp. e96-e96
Author(s):  
Katherine Elinor Felicity Grace ◽  
Christina Papadopoulou ◽  
Tobias Floyd ◽  
Rachelle Avigad ◽  
Steve Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
South Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Free Status

BackgroundBluetongue (BT) is a viral disease of ruminants and camelids which can have a significant impact on animal health and welfare and cause severe economic loss. The UK has been officially free of bluetongue virus (BTV) since 2011. In 2015, BTV-8 re-emerged in France and since then BTV has been spreading throughout Europe. In response to this outbreak, risk-based active surveillance was carried out at the end of the vector seasons in 2017 and 2018 to assess the risk of incursion of BTV into Great Britain.MethodAtmospheric dispersion modelling identified counties on the south coast of England at higher risk of an incursion. Blood samples were collected from cattle in five counties based on a sample size designed to detect at least one positive if the prevalence was 5 per cent or greater, with 95 per cent confidence.ResultsNo virus was detected in the 478 samples collected from 32 farms at the end of the 2017 vector season or in the 646 samples collected from 43 farms at the end of the 2018 vector season, when tested by RT-qPCR.ConclusionThe negative results from this risk-based survey provided evidence to support the continuation of the UK’s official BTV-free status.

scholarly journals Direct Activation of Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) by PF-06409577 Inhibits Flavivirus Infection through Modification of Host Cell Lipid Metabolism

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nereida Jiménez de Oya ◽  
Ana-Belén Blázquez ◽  
Josefina Casas ◽  
Juan-Carlos Saiz ◽  
Miguel A. Martín-Acebes
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Cell Lipid

ABSTRACT Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are a group of RNA viruses that constitute global threats for human and animal health. Replication of these pathogens is strictly dependent on cellular lipid metabolism. We have evaluated the effect of the pharmacological activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of lipid metabolism, on the infection of three medically relevant flaviviruses, namely, West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and dengue virus (DENV). WNV is responsible for recurrent outbreaks of meningitis and encephalitis, affecting humans and horses worldwide. ZIKV has caused a recent pandemic associated with birth defects (microcephaly), reproductive disorders, and severe neurological complications (Guillain-Barré syndrome). DENV is the etiological agent of the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease, which can induce a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue. Our results showed, for the first time, that activation of AMPK using the specific small molecule activator PF-06409577 reduced WNV, ZIKV, and DENV infection. This antiviral effect was associated with an impairment of viral replication due to the modulation of host cell lipid metabolism exerted by the compound. These results support that the pharmacological activation of AMPK, which currently constitutes an important pharmacological target for human diseases, could also provide a feasible approach for broad-spectrum host-directed antiviral discovery.

scholarly journals FMD EPIDEMIC PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS IN RUSSIA IN 2010 – FIRST QUARTER OF 2019

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
V. P. Semakina ◽  
T. P. Akimova ◽  
A. K. Karaulov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and wild animals. Europe, North America and Oceania have long been FMD free; at the same time, the virus is widely spread in Asian and African countries. In the period from 2010 to March 2019, FMD was notified to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) by 89 countries of the world. Local FMD outbreaks were also reported in several regions of the Russian Federation throughout this period. The research was aimed at studying some characteristics of the FMD epidemic process in the Russian Federation. The undertaken epidemiological analysis covers the Russian Federation regions where FMD outbreaks were reported between 2010 and March 2019. During the period under consideration, FMD cases were reported in 9 regions of the Russian Federation, mainly in the settlements located in close proximity to the Russia-China and Russia-Mongolia international borders. Most of the outbreaks were caused by serotype O and A FMD viruses. In most cases, FMD was reported in cattle and pigs and, less frequently, in sheep and goats. The analysis of the FMD epidemic situation in the Russian Federation Subjects was performed through epidemic process assessment based on the following estimates: the proportion of infected settlements, epidemic, contagiousness and morbidity rates. The Zabaykalsky and Primorsky Krais have a lead in the number of infected settlements. The highest morbidity rate in pigs was recorded in the Primorsky Krai, in cattle – in the Amur Oblast. The epidemic rate was the highest in the Primorsky and Zabaykalsky Krais. The Primorsky Krai also accounted for the highest contagiousness rates in 2014 and 2019 when FMD occurred on several large pig farms.

scholarly journals Challenges in handling congenital anomalies clusters: a recent mediatic example in France

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Regnault ◽  
N Beltzer ◽  
J Boudet-Berquier ◽  
E Gomes ◽  
E Bauchet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Significant Excess ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Limb Reduction ◽  
Concurrent Analysis

Abstract Issue In 2018 in France, reports of aggregated cases of isolated transverse limb reduction defects, a rare congenital anomaly (1.7 for 10,000 total births) generated a large mediatic interest with environmental factors overtly pointed out. Our aim is to describe the investigations carried out and to share the challenges we met. Description of the response Over a period of 5 years (2010-2015), 3 aggregates were signaled by health professionals in 3 different areas in France. Investigations included case ascertainment, epidemiological analyses, and search for a common exposure. Standardized Incidence Ratios were computed using the 6 French registries’s data as reference. In one area, the local registry performed a concurrent analysis using satscan. Parents filled a questionnaire addressing environmental and occupational exposures. Environmental databases were consulted as well as animal health surveillance data. Results Fourteen cases met the case definition. The excess of cases was ascertained in two aggregates located in a two small towns in the western part of France and comprising respectively 3 children born in 2007-2008 (SIR: 87.8 CI95%:[17-256]) and 4 children born in 2011-2013 (79.8 [2.5-204.2]). The third signal included 7 cases born between 2009 and 2014 residing in 7 towns located above the Alps and did not yield a significant excess when related to expected cases in the administrative subdivision (0.94 [0.38-1.95]). The concurrent analysis found a significant excess, generating a lengthy debate. None of the investigations identified a common cause or notable exposure. Delayed feedback and negative conclusions led to incomprehension among families. Lessons Informing stakeholders timely is crucial but communicating effectively about methods used and negative results can be challenging. Key messages Congenital anomalies clusters are sensitive topics. Cluster investigations involve a scientific and a societal component that must both be taken into account in organizing the public health response.

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN COW’S MILK PRODUCED BY FAMILY-OWNED DAIRY FARMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Benedito Menozzi
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Refrigeration is an important milk preservation method. However, milk quality may deteriorate if the product is refrigerated for long periods, mainly due to the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria. This group of microorganisms includes pathogenic genera, most notably Listeria monocytogenes. The detection of this bacterium in food is important, given its pathogenic effects on human and animal health and also its economic relevance. This study focused on detecting the presence of L. monocytogenes in milk samples collected at small family-owned dairy farms. Samples were cultivated on PALCAM and ALOA agars for microbiological analysis and a molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction was performed for the detection of L. monocytogenes. Despite the negative results obtained in both these analyses, further studies are recommended to confirm or refute the negligible effect of L. monocytogenes on small dairy farms.

scholarly journals Enhanced diagnosis of rabies and molecular evidence for the transboundary spread of the disease in Mozambique

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Coetzer ◽  
Iolanda Anahory ◽  
Paula T. Dias ◽  
Claude T. Sabeta ◽  
Terence P. Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities

Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease with veterinary and public health significance, particularly in Africa and Asia. The current knowledge of the epidemiology of rabies in Mozambique is limited because of inadequate sample submission, constrained diagnostic capabilities and a lack of molecular epidemiological research. We wanted to consider the direct, rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT) as an alternative to the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) for rabies diagnosis at the diagnostic laboratory of the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Directorate of Animal Science, Maputo, Mozambique. Towards this aim, as a training exercise at the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Rabies Reference Laboratory in South Africa, we performed the DRIT on 29 rabies samples from across Mozambique. With the use of the DRIT, we found 15 of the 29 samples (52%) to be negative. The DRIT-negative samples were retested by DFA at the OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, as well as with an established real-time Polymerase chain reaction, confirming the DRIT-negative results. The DRIT-positive results (14/29) were retested with the DFA and subsequently amplified, sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses, confirming the presence of rabies RNA. Molecular epidemiological analyses that included viruses from neighbouring countries suggested that rabies cycles within Mozambique might be implicated in multiple instances of cross-border transmission. In this regard, our study has provided new insights that should be helpful in informing the next steps required to better diagnose, control and hopefully eliminate rabies in Mozambique.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a serological Salmonella Mix-ELISA for poultry used in a national surveillance programme

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. FELD ◽  
L. EKEROTH ◽  
K. O. GRADEL ◽  
S. KABELL ◽  
M. MADSEN
Keyword(s):  
National Surveillance ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Faecal Culture ◽  
Culture Positivity ◽  
Over Time

A Mix-ELISA using lipopolysaccharide antigens from Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and Typhimurium was evaluated using samples collected over time in the Danish salmonella surveillance programme for poultry. Serological samples (n = 42813) taken from broiler-breeder flocks after a year of bacteriological monitoring with negative results were used for calculating the flock and individual test specificities, which were 0·997 and 0·999, respectively. Layer flocks from the table egg sector were used for calculation of positive predictive values. In the survey, flocks were examined for salmonella by Mix-ELISA and by faecal culture, and in case of a positive result in either of these a repeated, serological testing was performed, and 60 animals were organ-cultured. If one of these samplings was positive, the flock was declared salmonella infected. In a period of 3 months, 35 flocks were found to be positive in the routine samples. Of these, 32 were serologically positive, 2 both serologically and faecally positive and 1 flock only faecally positive. For flocks serologically positive in the surveillance programme, a positive-predictive value of 0·62 for organ culture positivity was found, and while considering serological follow-up samples, the value was 0·95.

scholarly journals Status of Animal Health with Emphasis of Blue Tongue Virus Disease in Kalat Region, Balochistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Shafiq Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Shafee ◽  
Abdul Razzaq ◽  
Muhammad Rahim Niazi ◽  
Abdul Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Undiagnosed Diseases ◽  
Scattered Population

Bluetongue is non contagious vector borne viral disease of small ruminants. It transmits by biting of culicoids midges and causes severe economic losses to animal owner in term of high morbidity, decreased production and impaired reproduction. Balochistan, being largest province of the country have scattered population in far remote areas. About 70% of the provincial population rely upon livestock rearing for their livelihood. Kalat is largest division of the province that stretches from Kalat city upto Lasbella including Khuzdar, Kharan and Awaran. It is located on main RCD route that will ultimately boost the animal marketing and their easy access to main market. Although different vaccines are practiced throughout the province but no such vaccine is available against BTV in the country. That’s why animals are facing problems of some undiagnosed diseases. This review provides necessary information about disease in the region. It is need of the time to educate farmer and strict vigilance may be practiced for proper and timely vaccination of all animals to curtail deadliest diseases in the region. 

scholarly journals The current epizootic situation of rabies in Tajikistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 03019
Author(s):  
A.A. Muminov ◽  
O.D. Nazarova ◽  
O.G. Petrova ◽  
F.B. Kamolzoda ◽  
F.Kh. Pulotov
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Terrestrial Animal ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

According to the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and the Veterinary Legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, veterinary authorities register, give passport and vaccinate dogs and cats, but not to the full extent, which increases the risk of infection and death of people and animals with the rabies virus. This article presents the results of retrospective analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation and the role of carnivores and other animals in the circulation of the rabies virus in natural foci in Tajikistan’s regions close to big cities and areas under protection. Research and monitoring of the manifestation of rabies among carnivorous mammals in 4 regions of the country were carried out and the role in spreading of rabies infection was studied. As a result of study it was found that the most disadvantaged areas with high levels of rabies infection are Khatlon region and Central Tajikistan, and was explored connection between diseases of dogs and farm animals, especially cattle.

scholarly journals Overview of Mitigation Programs for Non–EU-Regulated Cattle Diseases in Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz-Ferdinand Roch ◽  
Beate Conrady
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Animal Diseases ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Bluetongue Disease ◽  
Bovine Leukosis ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Background: The non-regulation of animal diseases due to missing regulation at the European Union (EU) level enables member states to implement mitigation programs based on their own country-specific conditions such as priority settings of the governments, availability of financial resources, and epidemiological situation. This can result in a heterogeneous distribution of mitigation activities and prevalence levels within and/or between countries, which can cause difficulties for intracommunity trade. This article aims to describe the past, current, and future mitigation activities and associated prevalence levels for four non-regulated animal diseases, i.e., enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and bluetongue disease (BT) for Austria. Over a period of 40 years (1978–2020), regulations concerning EBL, IBR/IPV, BVD, and BT were retraced to analyze the changes of legislation, focusing on sampling, testing, and mitigation activities in Austria, and were linked to the collected diagnostic testing results. The study results clearly demonstrate the adoption of the legislation by the Austrian governments in dependency of the epidemiological situations. Furthermore, our study shows that, related to the forthcoming Animal Health Law on April 21, 2021, Austria has a good initial situation to achieve disease-free status and/or free from infection status based on the current available epidemiological situation and previously implemented mitigation activities. The study results presented here are intended to contribute to a better comparison of the eradication status across the European countries for non–EU-regulated cattle diseases by providing information about the mitigation activities and data of testing results over a period of 40 years.

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