The historical memory of Russians in sociological surveys: foundations, reality, problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Fadeev
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Science Study ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Future Vision

The publication presents an analysis of the materials of the surveys of the FCTAS RAS, the Interregional Social Science Study "The Future of Russia", the Levada Center and the Public Opinion Foundation for the last two decades, covering historical topics. The aim of the study was to identify the main characteristics of the historical consciousness and the state of the historical memory of Russians at present. Studies by sociological centres in recent years show that the historical knowledge of a large part of Russians is fragmentary, comes from different sources, and is not always correct. Many events and personalities are mixed up in consciousness, or even forgotten altogether. Moreover, this phenomenon refers not only to distant events in history, known exclusively from textbooks, but also to decades directly related to the person´s life. Choosing between various historical alternatives of the country's future vision, Russians to a greater extent are focused on neutral ideas of strengthening Russia's position in the external and internal arena, whilst the ideas of an “Orthodox state”, a turn towards Europe or Eurasianism do not find major support among the population. With major contribution by the authorities the Great Patriotic War at present is the main historical event, overshadowing all the others. At the same time, the constant emphasis on the war theme and on heroic moments, combined with the levelling of tragic ones, causes a distorted perception of the event among a part of the population. In addition, the interpretation of history (especially during the Great Patriotic War) becomes the arena of a "political war." Various political forces give their own interpretation of events, that can both confuse some citizens and, on the other hand, form irreconcilable ideological opponents. The memory of the war is becoming more and more mythologised as a consequence of the fact that its real participants are gradually passing away. In connection with all above, current and future generations will have to look for grains of truth in a highly politicised and sometimes deceptive information field. The correct perspective of raising the awareness of the Russian population, “clarifying historical consciousness” is seen in a multifaceted historical discourse with the participation of professional historians, openness to any discussion, and broader media coverage.

scholarly journals The historical consciousness of student youth and evaluation of the events of the Great Patriotic War

2021 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Sergei P. Kostrikov ◽  
Andrey A. Kolchin ◽  
Yuliya P. Nadekhina ◽  
Elena V. Kryukova ◽  
Stanislav S. Kostrikov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
First Year ◽  
State University ◽  
Historical Responsibility ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Historical Education ◽  
Second World

It is not the first year that the information space has been marked by trends in the revision of evaluations of the events of the Great Patriotic War. Student youth are actively and rapidly developing, adapting to the new social realities. That is why the issues of preserving historical memory and developing the historical consciousness of contemporary young people have become so relevant. The present work is based on the analysis of the survey results of the 1st and 2nd-year students conducted at the State University of Management (SUM, Moscow, Russia), and is a continuation of the research devoted to the evaluation of the end results of the Great Patriotic War in the perception of University students. An attempt was made to determine the level of students’ knowledge about the main facts of the Great Patriotic War. Within the framework of this study, the results of similar works by domestic and foreign authors were considered. As a rule, in Russia, the problem of awareness of the importance of the Great Patriotic War is emphasized in terms of its results, including the perception of these issues by student youth. At the same time, several foreign authors put forward the issue of reevaluating the results of the Second World War and make it with clear politicization of the proposed conclusions, primarily, in determining the historical responsibility for war unleashing. The authors of the present study propose to strengthen the role of archival documents, memoirs, chronicles, and testimonies of direct participants and victims of the wartime events in military-historical education, which should not allow distorting the historical feat of the USSR and its decisive contribution to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

scholarly journals Memory of the Students About the Great Patriotic War: Сommon and Special

2020 ◽  
pp. 299-330
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Ustinkin ◽  
◽  
Natalia M. Morozova ◽  
Pavel I. Kukonkov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Youth Groups ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Young Students ◽  
State Educational

Changes in Russian society, happened in the last three decades, determine the contradictory process of socialization of the younger generation. The blurry of perceptions about the type of personality demanded by society and the state, in many ways, determines the chaotic process of forming the values of young people, which proceed under the influence of random and sometimes divergent factors. Changing objective living conditions in modern Russian society leads to a significant complication of social self-determination processes, the formation of the problematic identity of various youth groups. The authors of the article focused on identifying local-territorial and sociocultural features of the memory of the Great Patriotic War of the students of the large regional centers of the Volga Federal District. The dynamics of this process are analyzed on the basis of data obtained during the research of historical memory of students of Nizhny Novgorod region and cities of the Volga Federal District in 2005–2015. The Volga branch of FCTAS RAS and LUNN, as well as the all-Russian sociological study of the Russian society of sociologists in 2020. The authors of the article substantiate the conclusion that the structure of the historical memory of young students is very selective, often without sufficient justification fixes attention on some events and ignores others, contributing to the mythologization of historical consciousness, disorienting it and creating a favorable ground for the emergence and strengthening of social destruction. The authors’ conclusion is convincing that without special eff orts of society, the state, educational institutions aimed at forming the historical consciousness of young students, it is impossible to maintain the attitude to the Great Patriotic War, as a landmark event in world and national history.

scholarly journals To the question of the concepts of «historical consciousness» and «historical memory»

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Yuliya Solomonovna Repinetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Individual Memory ◽  
Public Consciousness

The article defines the concepts historical consciousness and historical memory which are studied by many social sciences and are termed differently. The author indicates multiplicity of social memory as a process. Besides the public (social) memory the author distinguishes cultural memory (researched, especially recent); collective memory (faced and meaningful common experiences living together); individual memory (represented experience); historical memory, etc. Historical consciousness and historical memory are the terms that take a key position in the theory and methodology of historical science. The author of the article also draws attention to the analysis of the approaches of contemporary scientists L.P. Repina and Maurice Halbwachs (the founder of the theory of historical memory (1877-1945) to the interpretation of the problem. The essence of historical consciousness and memory is characterized, public consciousness is distinguished. The author draws attention to such an important aspect of the problem as identifying complex concepts-synonyms appearing in the theory and methodology of historical science like historical consciousness and historical memory. Special emphasis is made on showing dialectical unity concepts mentioned above.

scholarly journals Linguocultural Features of the Representation of the Great Victory Anniversary by the Sputnik Agency (Russia Today)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-648
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Yefanov ◽  
Nailya Efendieva
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
International Broadcasting ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Media ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Great Victory

The research examined linguocultural features of media coverage of the Great Victory anniversary the Sputnik agency (Russia Today). The purpose of the study was to determine, from the standpoint of linguistic cultural studies, the key images that formed the media. The object of the research is the materials of three editions of the Sputnik agency (Sputnik Polska, Sputnik International, Sputnik Türkiye), the geography of distribution and the composition of the audience of which reflect differentiated linguocultures. A set of methods is used: content analysis; contextual analysis, comparative analysis, case study. The empirical base was made up of publications dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, posted on the websites of the editorial offices of Sputnik Polska, Sputnik International, Sputnik Türkiye. Sample type: solid. Chronological scope of the study: April 15 — May 15, 2020. Based on the results of the study, we concluded that the nature of representation is directly related to linguocultural characteristics and is due to historical, political and sociocultural preconditions. At the same time, all editions are united by the commonality of the constructed images: Victory Day (attitudes towards victory over fascism in the international arena); nations (both winners and losers); preservation of historical memory. The presence or absence of certain stable linguistic units depends on the cultural and ethnic specifics of the audience. The greatest efficiency from the standpoint of the implementation of international broadcasting activities (transmission of cultural codes and meanings) is achieved in a situation of a common / close mentality, interaction of ethnic groups and territorial proximity.

scholarly journals History is strong in memory.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Marina F. Titorenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The State ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
State Archive ◽  
The People ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The City ◽  
Great Victory

The author examines the reasons for the aggression of the Germans during the Great Patriotic War, analyzes the materials of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory, relating to the time of the occupation of the city of Krasnodar by Nazi Germany, cites the facts of torture and mockery of the residents of the city by the "masters of new life". The author also pays attention to the appearance of collaboration in the Cossack environment and reveals the reasons for this phenomenon, gives examples of the worthy contribution of the Kuban Cossack formations to the Great Victory, and considers it necessary to collect and preserve the truth about the war, to remember the indomitable spirit of the people, to form a sense of patriotism among young people, to preserve historical memory and historical consciousness.

scholarly journals (NIE-)POWROTY. ESEJ O DOŚWIADCZENIU I PAMIĘCI ROKU 1945

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Robert TRABA
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
War Trauma ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
Politics Of History ◽  
Polish Jews

The study brings up sensitive problems of the contemporary Polish history, revealing some mechanisms of historical discourse in the public space. Refl ection on the historical memory, the war trauma and the problem of shortened perspective puts emphasis on the absence of alternative narrations around such categories as: nation, Catholic Church, patriotism, the left, polish Jews. Th is issue is associated with the question of contemporary historical research and the politics of history shaping collective memory in Poland.

scholarly journals PUBLIC HISTORY: AN EFFORT TO INCREASE INDONESIAN HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMI

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurakhman Abdurakhman ◽  
Syahidah Sumayyah Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

The writing of public history has become one of the methods of history that have developed and are in great demand. The difference between history in general and public history is the selection of groups that are used as research sources. Through this research, the author find that public history can be used as a way to raise historical consciousness in Indonesia. Historical Consciousness relates to thinking of ourself in time as historical beings and being aware of belonging to a specific group with a particular history and identity. The current global pandemic presents a challenge for historians. Documenting the history at the time the event was still taking place was a challenge in itself since no one knew how the end of the event was written. Public history has been widely used in European countries to record daily life and events that occurred in society during the pandemic. The historical sources collected from the public will play an important role on writing the historical event and also as a lesson in the future. The method used in this paper is a historical method consisting of 4 stages, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and then historiography.

scholarly journals Nostalgia for the Soviet Past in the Mass Historical Consciousness of Modern Russians

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Vladislav Kokoulin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Joseph Stalin ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
Great Patriotic War

In modern Russia, there is a clear discrepancy between the official policy of historical memory and the mass historical consciousness. In the politics of official memory, Joseph Stalin is a tyrant, a dictator who killed millions of people. In the mass historical consciousness, he is a fighter against corruption and privileges, a caring owner of a huge country. While the mass historical consciousness considers the Victory in the Great Patriotic War as a significant event of the twentieth century, the policy of historical memory turns to the tragic sides of this war. Other examples can be given. At the divergence of the official policy of historical memory and mass historical consciousness, there are “wars of monuments” and “wars of memory”, as well as various manipulative strategies on the part of the authorities. So far, the official policy of historical memory fluctuates between these two formulas. The main reason for the discrepancy between the official policy of historical memory and the mass historical consciousness in modern Russia is that in Russian society, due to economic and political problems, nostalgia for the Soviet past, deemed a time of stability and certainty is growing.

From Circles to Parties. Genesis of Party System in Russia in the Beginning of 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 464-470
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Solovyov
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Party System ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
In The Beginning

The article is devoted to the general patterns of political parties formation in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. They were preceded by proto-party organizations that were far from being ideologically monolithic. Under the conditions of rapid differentiation of political forces, the existing alliances were often accidental and situational. They hung on to the legacy of the pre-revolutionary era, when the public was just “learning” to talk about politics, and the boundaries between different ideological structures were quite rather relative.

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