Advances in wheat breeding techniques

2017 ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
Alison R. Bentley ◽  
◽  
Ian Mackay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Techniques

scholarly journals Economic Evaluation of Yield-Increasing Wheat Seeds Using a Distance Function Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Wree ◽  
Johannes Sauer ◽  
Stefan Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Distance Function ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Returns To Scale ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Oriented Distance Function ◽  
Oriented Distance ◽  
Shadow Value ◽  
Breeding Techniques

New wheat-breeding techniques, such as hybridization and genetic modification, show increasing yield potential. This study involves estimating multi-output multi-input production technology by stochastic frontier techniques to evaluate the economic value of this yield potential. An input-oriented distance function is formulated and applied to European Farm Accountancy Data of 23 European countries. Based on the analysis, an average shadow value is derived for the increase in the marginal yield of wheat that corresponded to 18.87 €/ha. Further, technical change, technical efficiency, and returns to scale are measured for different European regions.

Advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals

2021 ◽  
pp. 435-474
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chand ◽  
◽  
Sudhir Navathe ◽  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Necrotrophic Effector ◽  
Breeding Techniques

This chapter reviews advances in breeding techniques for durable resistance to spot blotch in cereals. It starts by highlighting the spread, economic importance and the disease cycle of spot blotch. The chapter then goes on to examine the diversity of the pathogen and physiological specialization. This is then followed by a discussion on the identification of resistance sources, as well as the histological, biochemical and morphological components of resistance. The chapter also reviews molecular approaches for resistance breeding, specifically focusing on quantitative trait loci (QTL and genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) studies. Resistance genes and their possible deployment are also discussed, along with a section on low molecular weight toxins and their possible role in pathogenicity. The chapter also examines necrotrophic effector triggered susceptibility and associated genes and breeding for spot blotch resistance in wheat. Breeding for spot blotch resistance in barley is also discussed, before concluding with a discussion on farmers participatory research in the release of spot blotch resistant varieties.

Obtaining sustainable raw forms for wheat breeding

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-186
Author(s):  
K.K. Shulembaeva ◽  
◽  
A.A. Tokubayeva ◽  
Zh. Chunetova ◽  
S.B. Dauletbaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Breeding

Genetic Contribution of Introduced Varieties to Wheat Breeding in China Evaluated Using SSR Markers

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 778-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Jun LI ◽  
Xin XU ◽  
Wei-Hua LIU ◽  
Xiu-Quan LI ◽  
Xin-Ming YANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Genetic Contribution

scholarly journals Reproductive Anatomy of Chondrichthyans: Notes on Specimen Handling and Sperm Extraction. II. Sharks and Chimaeras

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2191
Author(s):  
Pablo García-Salinas ◽  
Victor Gallego ◽  
Juan F. Asturiano
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Viable Sperm ◽  
Abdominal Massage ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy ◽  
Conservation Projects ◽  
Breeding Techniques

The chondrichthyan fishes, which comprise sharks, rays, and chimaeras, are one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates on the planet. Given this situation, an additional strategy for the protection of these species could be the ex situ conservation projects developed in public aquaria and research centers. Nevertheless, to increase sustainability and to develop properly in situ reintroduction strategies, captive breeding techniques, such as sperm extraction and artificial insemination, should be developed. These techniques are commonly used in other threatened species and could be also used in chondrichthyans. However, the different reproductive morphologies found in this group can complicate both processes. Therefore, a comparison of the reproductive anatomy of eight distinct chondrichthyans, with an emphasis on those important differences when performing sperm extraction or artificial insemination, is carried out herein. Sharks and chimaeras belonging to the Scyliorhinidae, Carcharhinidae, Centrophoridae, Etmopteridae, Hexanchidae, and Chimaeridae families were obtained from commercial fisheries, public aquaria, and stranding events. In addition, the process of obtaining viable sperm samples through cannulation, abdominal massage, and oviducal gland extraction is described in detail for both living and dead animals.

scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Root Traits and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Uptake in Wheat Varieties Released from 1915 to 2013

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149
Author(s):  
Guglielmo Puccio ◽  
Rosolino Ingraffia ◽  
Dario Giambalvo ◽  
Gaetano Amato ◽  
Alfonso S. Frenda
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Root System ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Positive Effects

Identifying genotypes with a greater ability to absorb nitrogen (N) may be important to reducing N loss in the environment and improving the sustainability of agricultural systems. This study extends the knowledge of variability among wheat genotypes in terms of morphological or physiological root traits, N uptake under conditions of low soil N availability, and in the amount and rapidity of the use of N supplied with fertilizer. Nine genotypes of durum wheat were chosen for their different morpho-phenological characteristics and year of their release. The isotopic tracer 15N was used to measure the fertilizer N uptake efficiency. The results show that durum wheat breeding did not have univocal effects on the characteristics of the root system (weight, length, specific root length, etc.) or N uptake capacity. The differences in N uptake among the studied genotypes when grown in conditions of low N availability appear to be related more to differences in uptake efficiency per unit of weight and length of the root system than to differences in the morphological root traits. The differences among the genotypes in the speed and the ability to take advantage of the greater N availability, determined by N fertilization, appear to a certain extent to be related to the development of the root system and the photosynthesizing area. This study highlights some variability within the species in terms of the development, distribution, and efficiency of the root system, which suggests that there may be sufficient grounds for improving these traits with positive effects in terms of adaptability to difficult environments and resilience to climate change.

scholarly journals Automatic Evaluation of Wheat Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Using Dual Mask-RCNN Deep Learning Frameworks in Computer Vision

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Wen-Hao Su ◽  
Jiajing Zhang ◽  
Ce Yang ◽  
Rae Page ◽  
Tamas Szinyei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Feature Pyramid ◽  
Rater Error ◽  
Wheat Lines

In many regions of the world, wheat is vulnerable to severe yield and quality losses from the fungus disease of Fusarium head blight (FHB). The development of resistant cultivars is one means of ameliorating the devastating effects of this disease, but the breeding process requires the evaluation of hundreds of lines each year for reaction to the disease. These field evaluations are laborious, expensive, time-consuming, and are prone to rater error. A phenotyping cart that can quickly capture images of the spikes of wheat lines and their level of FHB infection would greatly benefit wheat breeding programs. In this study, mask region convolutional neural network (Mask-RCNN) allowed for reliable identification of the symptom location and the disease severity of wheat spikes. Within a wheat line planted in the field, color images of individual wheat spikes and their corresponding diseased areas were labeled and segmented into sub-images. Images with annotated spikes and sub-images of individual spikes with labeled diseased areas were used as ground truth data to train Mask-RCNN models for automatic image segmentation of wheat spikes and FHB diseased areas, respectively. The feature pyramid network (FPN) based on ResNet-101 network was used as the backbone of Mask-RCNN for constructing the feature pyramid and extracting features. After generating mask images of wheat spikes from full-size images, Mask-RCNN was performed to predict diseased areas on each individual spike. This protocol enabled the rapid recognition of wheat spikes and diseased areas with the detection rates of 77.76% and 98.81%, respectively. The prediction accuracy of 77.19% was achieved by calculating the ratio of the wheat FHB severity value of prediction over ground truth. This study demonstrates the feasibility of rapidly determining levels of FHB in wheat spikes, which will greatly facilitate the breeding of resistant cultivars.

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