A Study on the View of the Correlation between Yin and Yang of Calligraphic Theory in the Late Chosun Dynasty

Background & Objective: The large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel, extensively distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), is considered as a vital player in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, with evidence implicating derangement of K+ as well as regulating action potential shape and duration. However, unlike other channels implicated in epilepsy whose function in neurons could clearly be labeled “excitatory” or “inhibitory”, the unique physiological behavior of the BK channel allows it to both augment and decrease the excitability of neurons. Thus, the role of BK in epilepsy is controversial so far, and a growing area of intense investigation. Conclusion: Here, this review aims to highlight recent discoveries on the dichotomous role of BK channels in epilepsy, focusing on relevant BK-dependent pro- as well as antiepileptic pathways, and discuss the potential of BK specific modulators for the treatment of epilepsy.

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The Yin and Yang of Oxidation in the Development of the Fatty Streak

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/01.atv.16.7.831 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 831-842 ◽

Cited By ~ 428

Author(s):

Mohamad Navab ◽

Judith A. Berliner ◽

Andrew D. Watson ◽

Susan Y. Hama ◽

Mary C. Territo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Streak ◽

Yin And Yang

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Multiple Chromosomes in Bacteria: The Yin and Yang of trp Gene Localization in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/153.2.525 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 153 (2) ◽

pp. 525-538

Author(s):

Chris Mackenzie ◽

Adrian E Simmons ◽

Samuel Kaplan

Keyword(s):

Rhodobacter Sphaeroides ◽

Biosynthetic Pathway ◽

Southern Blotting ◽

Physical Map ◽

Functional Integration ◽

Bacterial Genome ◽

Single Copy ◽

Gene Localization ◽

Yin And Yang ◽

Trp Genes

Abstract The existence of multiple chromosomes in bacteria has been known for some time. Yet the extent of functional solidarity between different chromosomes remains unknown. To examine this question, we have surveyed the well-described genes of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway in the multichromosomal photosynthetic eubacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. The genome of this organism was mutagenized using Tn5, and strains that were auxotrophic for tryptophan (Trp-) were isolated. Pulsed-field gel mapping indicated that Tn5 insertions in both the large (3 Mb CI) and the small (0.9 Mb CII) chromosomes created a Trp- phenotype. Sequencing the DNA flanking the sites of the Tn5 insertions indicated that the genes trpE-yibQ-trpGDC were at a locus on CI, while genes trpF-aroR-trpB were at locus on CII. Unexpectedly, trpA was not found downstream of trpB. Instead, it was placed on the CI physical map at a locus 1.23 Mb away from trpE-yibQ-trpGDC. To relate the context of the R. sphaeroides trp genes to those of other bacteria, the DNA regions surrounding the trp genes on both chromosomes were sequenced. Of particular significance was the finding that rpsA1, which encodes ribosomal protein S1, and cmkA, which encodes cytidylate monophosphate kinase, were on CII. These genes are considered essential for translation and chromosome replication, respectively. Southern blotting suggested that the trp genes and rpsA1 exist in single copy within the genome. To date, this topological organization of the trp “operon” is unique within a bacterial genome. When taken with the finding that CII encodes essential housekeeping functions, the overall impression is one of close regulatory and functional integration between these chromosomes.

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The Yin and Yang of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles in tumour immunity

The Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1093/jb/mvaa132 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Takayoshi Yamauchi ◽

Toshiro Moroishi

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Tumour Progression ◽

Tumour Microenvironment ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Small Particles ◽

Tumour Immunity ◽

Heterogeneous Nature ◽

Yin And Yang ◽

Cellular Components

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that are naturally released from various types of cells. EVs contain a wide variety of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, which facilitate intercellular communication in diverse biological processes. In the tumour microenvironment, EVs have been shown to play important roles in tumour progression, including immune system–tumour interactions. Although previous studies have convincingly demonstrated the immunosuppressive functions of tumour-derived EVs, some studies have suggested that tumour-derived EVs can also stimulate host immunity, especially in therapeutic conditions. Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of EVs with different structural and biological characteristics that may account for the divergent functions of EVs in tumour immunity. In this review article, we provide a brief summary of our current understanding of tumour-derived EVs in immune activation and inhibition. We also highlight the emerging utility of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers and discuss the potential clinical applications of tumour-derived EVs.

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