Carbon stocks of intact mangroves and carbon emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Republic

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Boone Kauffman ◽  
Chris Heider ◽  
Jennifer Norfolk ◽  
Frederick Payton
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Stocks

scholarly journals Carbon Footprint Analysis of Bamboo Scrimber Flooring—Implications for Carbon Sequestration of Bamboo Forests and Its Products

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Gu ◽  
Yufeng Zhou ◽  
Tingting Mei ◽  
Guomo Zhou ◽  
Lin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Bamboo Forest ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Bamboo Scrimber

Bamboo forest is characterized by large carbon sequestration capability and it plays an important role in mitigating climate change and global carbon cycling. Previous studies have mostly focused on carbon cycling and carbon stocks in bamboo forest ecosystems, whereas the carbon footprints of bamboo products have not received attention. China is the largest exporting country of bamboo flooring in the world. Estimating the carbon footprint of bamboo flooring is of essential importance for the involved enterprises and consumers to evaluate their own carbon footprints. In this study, we investigated the production processes of bamboo scrimber flooring for outdoor use, a typical bamboo flooring in China. Based on business-to-business (B2B) evaluation method, we assessed CO2 emission and carbon transfer ratio in each step of the production process, including transporting bamboo culms and producing and packing the products. We found that to produce 1 m3 of bamboo scrimber flooring, direct carbon emissions from fossil fuels during transporting raw materials/semi-finished products, from power consumptions during production, and indirect emissions from applying additives were 30.94 kg CO2 eq, 143.37 kg CO2 eq, and 78.34 kg CO2 eq, respectively. After subtracting the 267.54 kg CO2 eq carbon stocks in the product from the 252.65 kg CO2 eq carbon emissions derived within the defined boundary, we found that the carbon footprint of 1 m3 bamboo scrimber flooring was −14.89 kg CO2 eq. Our results indicated that the bamboo scrimber flooring is a negative carbon-emission product. Finally, we discussed factors that influence the carbon footprint of the bamboo flooring and gave suggestions on carbon emission reduction during production processes. This study provided a scientific basis for estimating carbon stocks and carbon footprints of bamboo products and further expanded knowledge on carbon cycling and lifespan of carbon in the bamboo forest ecosystem.

scholarly journals Impacts of Permafrost Degradation on Carbon Stocks and Emissions under a Warming Climate: A Review

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1425
Author(s):  
Huijun Jin ◽  
Qiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Carbon Pools ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Permafrost Regions

A huge amount of carbon (C) is stored in permafrost regions. Climate warming and permafrost degradation induce gradual and abrupt carbon emissions into both the atmosphere and hydrosphere. In this paper, we review and synthesize recent advances in studies on carbon stocks in permafrost regions, biodegradability of permafrost organic carbon (POC), carbon emissions, and modeling/projecting permafrost carbon feedback to climate warming. The results showed that: (1) A large amount of organic carbon (1460–1600 PgC) is stored in permafrost regions, while there are large uncertainties in the estimation of carbon pools in subsea permafrost and in clathrates in terrestrial permafrost regions and offshore clathrate reservoirs; (2) many studies indicate that carbon pools in Circum-Arctic regions are on the rise despite the increasing release of POC under a warming climate, because of enhancing carbon uptake of boreal and arctic ecosystems; however, some ecosystem model studies indicate otherwise, that the permafrost carbon pool tends to decline as a result of conversion of permafrost regions from atmospheric sink to source under a warming climate; (3) multiple environmental factors affect the decomposability of POC, including ground hydrothermal regimes, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, organic carbon contents, and microbial communities, among others; and (4) however, results from modeling and projecting studies on the feedbacks of POC to climate warming indicate no conclusive or substantial acceleration of climate warming from POC emission and permafrost degradation over the 21st century. These projections may potentially underestimate the POC feedbacks to climate warming if abrupt POC emissions are not taken into account. We advise that studies on permafrost carbon feedbacks to climate warming should also focus more on the carbon feedbacks from the rapid permafrost degradation, such as thermokarst processes, gas hydrate destabilization, and wildfire-induced permafrost degradation. More attention should be paid to carbon emissions from aquatic systems because of their roles in channeling POC release and their significant methane release potentials.

scholarly journals Predicting the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Carbon Stock in Semi-Arid West African Savannas

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangbéni Dimobe ◽  
Jean Kouakou ◽  
Jérôme Tondoh ◽  
Benewinde Zoungrana ◽  
Gerald Forkuor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
West African ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Gallery Forests ◽  
Semi Arid

West African savannas are experiencing rapid land cover change that threatens biodiversity and affects ecosystem productivity through the loss of habitat and biomass, and carbon emissions into the atmosphere exacerbating climate change effects. Therefore, reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in these areas is critical in the efforts to combat climate change. For such restorative actions to be successful, they must be grounded on a clear knowledge of the extent to which climate change affects carbon storage in soil and biomass according to different land uses. The current study was undertaken in semi-arid savannas in Dano, southwestern Burkina Faso, with the threefold objective of: (i) identifying the main land use and land cover categories (LULCc) in a watershed; (ii) assessing the carbon stocks (biomass and soil) in the selected LULCc; and (iii) predicting the effects of climate change on the spatial distribution of the carbon stock. Dendrometric data (Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height) of woody species and soil samples were measured and collected, respectively, in 43 plots, each measuring 50 × 20 m. Tree biomass carbon stocks were calculated using allometric equations while soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks were measured at two depths (0–20 and 20–50 cm). To assess the impact of climate change on carbon stocks, geographical location records of carbon stocks, remote sensing spectral bands, topographic data, and bioclimatic variables were used. For projections of future climatic conditions, predictions from two climate models (MPI-ESM-MR and HadGEM2-ES) of CMIP5 were used under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 and modeling was performed using random forest regression. Results showed that the most dominant LULCc are cropland (37.2%) and tree savannas (35.51%). Carbon stocks in woody biomass were higher in woodland (10.2 ± 6.4 Mg·ha−1) and gallery forests (7.75 ± 4.05 Mg·ha−1), while the lowest values were recorded in shrub savannas (0.9 ± 1.2 Mg·ha−1) and tree savannas (1.6 ± 0.6 Mg·ha−1). The highest SOC stock was recorded in gallery forests (30.2 ± 15.6 Mg·ha−1) and the lowest in the cropland (14.9 ± 5.7 Mg·ha−1). Based on modeling results, it appears clearly that climate change might have an impact on carbon stock at horizon 2070 by decreasing the storage capacity of various land units which are currently suitable. The decrease was more important under HadGEM2-ES (90.0%) and less under MPI-ESM-MR (89.4%). These findings call for smart and sustainable land use management practices in the study area to unlock the potential of these landscapes to sequestering carbon.

scholarly journals Southeast Asian protected areas are effective in conserving forest cover and forest carbon stocks compared to unprotected areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Graham ◽  
Jonas Geldmann ◽  
Vanessa M. Adams ◽  
Pablo Jose Negret ◽  
Pablo Sinovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Management Effectiveness ◽  
Forest Cover Loss

AbstractProtected areas aim to conserve nature, ecosystem services, and cultural values; however, they have variable success in doing so under high development pressure. Southeast Asian protected areas faced the highest level of human pressure at the turn of the twenty-first century. To estimate their effectiveness in conserving forest cover and forest carbon stocks for 2000–2018, we used statistical matching methods to control for the non-random location of protected areas, to compare protection against a matched counterfactual. We found Southeast Asian protected areas had three times less forest cover loss than similar landscapes without protection. Protected areas that had completed management reporting using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) conserved significantly more forest cover and forest carbon stocks than those that had not. Management scores were positively associated with the level of carbon emissions avoided, but not the level of forest cover loss avoided. Our study is the first to find that METT scores could predict the level of carbon emissions avoided in protected areas. Given that only 11% of protected areas in Southeast Asia had completed METT surveys, our results illustrate the need to scale-up protected area management effectiveness reporting programs to improve their effectiveness for conserving forests, and for storing and sequestering carbon.

Carbon emissions from wildfires in larch forest ecosystems of Northeast Siberia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement J. Delcourt ◽  
Brian Izbicki ◽  
Elena A. Kukavskaya ◽  
Michelle C. Mack ◽  
Trofim C. Maximov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Larch Forest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Larch Forests ◽  
Carbon Combustion

<p>The boreal forest is one of the largest terrestrial carbon reservoirs on Earth and accounts for approximately 30% of the world’s forest cover. The boreal carbon balance is thus of global significance. Wildfires affect the boreal carbon balance, releasing large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere when soil organic layers and aboveground biomass are combusted. The boreal forest is warming faster than the global average. These higher temperatures lead to increases in the frequency and severity of wildfire disturbance in boreal regions.</p><p>Significant progress has been made in quantifying carbon combustion in North American boreal forests, yet few measurements have been conducted in the larch dominated boreal forests of Northeast Siberia. Deciduous needleleaf larch forest growing on continuous permafrost is a unique ecosystem of Siberia. Although these larch forests cover approximately 20% of the boreal biome, the consequences of intensifying fire regimes on the carbon stocks and vegetation dynamics of these ecosystems remain poorly understood.</p><p>We conducted a field campaign in larch forests around Yakutsk, Northeast Siberia, during the summer of 2019 with the goal of filling parts of these knowledge and data gaps by collecting ground measurements of carbon combustion from two large fire events in 2017 and 2018. During this campaign, we sampled 42 burned sites in two fire scars that cover gradients of fire severity, vegetation composition and landscape position. Within these sites, we performed a wide range of measurements to quantify aboveground and belowground carbon emissions, constrained by data from 12 unburned sites. We also assessed post-fire recovery and active layer deepening. We investigated major drivers of pre-fire carbon stocks and subsequent combustion at the site level. Our results will reduce uncertainties in larger scale estimates of carbon emissions from Siberian fires which is in turn essential for assessing the implications of the climate-induced intensification of fire regimes for the global carbon cycle.</p>

scholarly journals The limits to northern peatland carbon stocks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgii A. Alexandrov ◽  
Victor A. Brovkin ◽  
Thomas Kleinen ◽  
Zicheng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Interglacial Period ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
Natural Carbon ◽  
Northern Peatlands

Abstract. Northern peatlands have been a persistent natural carbon sink since the last glacial maximum. If there were no limits to their growth, carbon accumulation in these ecosystems could offset a large portion of anthropogenic carbon emissions until the end of the present interglacial period. Evaluation of the limits to northern peatland carbon stocks shows that northern peatlands will potentially play an important role, second only to the oceans, in reducing the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration to the level that is typical of interglacial periods if cumulative anthropogenic carbon emissions will be kept below 1000 Pg of carbon.

A fossil Aspergillus from Eocene Dominican amber

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 141-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard M. Thomas ◽  
George O. Poinar
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Dominican Amber ◽  
Eocene Amber

A sporulating Aspergillus is described from a piece of Eocene amber originating from the Dominican Republic. The Aspergillus most closely resembles a form of the white spored phase of Aspergillus janus Raper and Thom. This is the first report of a fossil species of Aspergillus.

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