TESTING FOR LATITUDINAL BIAS IN DIVERSIFICATION RATES: AN EXAMPLE USING NEW WORLD BIRDS

Ecology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 2278-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Cardillo ◽  
C. David L. Orme ◽  
Ian P. F. Owens
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
New World Birds

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Bird Diversity in the New World

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1180-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonin Machac
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New World ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Three prominent explanations have been proposed to explain the dramatic differences in species richness across regions and elevations, (i) time for speciation, (ii) diversification rates, and (iii) ecological limits. But the relative importance of these explanations and, especially, their interplay and possible synthesis remain largely elusive. Integrating diversification analyses, null models, and geographic information systems, I study avian richness across regions and elevations of the New World. My results reveal that even though the three explanations are differentially important (with ecological limits playing the dominant role), each contributes uniquely to the formation of richness gradients. Further, my results reveal the likely interplay between the explanations. They indicate that ecological limits hinder the diversification process, such that the accumulation of species within a region gradually slows down over time. Yet, it does not seem to converge toward a hard ceiling on regional richness. Instead, species-rich regions show suppressed, but continued, diversification, coupled with signatures of possible competition (esp. Neotropical lowlands). Conversely, species-poor, newly-colonized regions show fast diversification and weak to no signs of competition (esp. Nearctic highlands). These results held across five families of birds, across grid cells, biomes, and elevations. Together, my findings begin to illuminate the rich, yet highly consistent, interplay of the mechanisms that together shape richness gradients in the New World, including the most species-rich biodiversity hotspots on the planet, the Andes and the Amazon. [Biogeography; community; competition; macroevolution; phylogenetics; richness gradient.]

The Lives and Deaths of Caged Birds: Transatlantic Voyages of Wild Creatures from the Americas to Spain, 1740s–1790s

Ethnohistory ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-501
Author(s):  
Martha Few
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
New World ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
New World Birds

Abstract This essay focuses on New World birds caught up in the eighteenth-century transatlantic trade with other living wild creatures, destined for imperial metropoles. Manuscript sources describing this trade, written by political officials, ships’ captains, doctors, naturalists, animal caretakers, and inspectors who cataloged their arrival to Spanish ports, interacted with the animals, tried to keep them alive aboard the ship, and determined their ability to withstand further transport to their final destinations in Madrid and other cities in Spain. In the process, animals caged aboard ship for several weeks or more developed relationships with one another and with their human caretakers. Their lived experiences show the multiple and complicated ways in which individual captured birds and other creatures helped shape those shipboard environments, disrupting systemic human attempts to construct them as colonial animals who functioned solely as scientific or material objects in empire making.

scholarly journals Post-Eocene climate change, niche conservatism, and the latitudinal diversity gradient of New World birds

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 770-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford A. Hawkins ◽  
Jose Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho ◽  
Carlos A. Jaramillo ◽  
Stephen A. Soeller
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New World ◽  
Niche Conservatism ◽  
Latitudinal Diversity Gradient ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
New World Birds

scholarly journals Macroevolutionary dynamics in environmental space and the latitudinal diversity gradient in New World birds

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1606) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho ◽  
Thiago Fernando L.V.B Rangel ◽  
Luis Mauricio Bini ◽  
Bradford A Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
New World ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Environmental Space ◽  
Family Level ◽  
The Tropics

Correlations between species richness and climate suggest non-random occupation of environmental space and niche evolution through time. However, the evolutionary mechanisms involved remain unresolved. Here, we partition the occupation of environmental space into intra- and inter-clade components to differentiate a model based on pure conservation of ancestral niches with higher diversification rates in the tropics, and an adaptive radiation model based on shifts in adaptive peaks at the family level allowing occupation of temperate regions. We examined these mechanisms using within- and among-family skewness components based on centroids of 3560 New World bird species across four environmental variables. We found that the accumulation of species in the tropics is a result of both processes. The components of adaptive radiation have family level skewness of species' distributions strongly structured in space, but not phylogenetically, according to the integrated analyses of spatial filters and phylogenetic eigenvectors. Moreover, stronger radiation components were found for energy variables, which are often used to argue for direct climatic effects on diversity. Thus, the correspondence between diversity and climate may be due to the conservation of ancestral tropical niches coupled with repeated broad shifts in adaptive peaks during birds' evolutionary history more than by higher diversification rates driven by more energy in the tropics.

scholarly journals Environmental drivers of beta-diversity patterns in New-World birds and mammals

Ecography ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano S. Melo ◽  
Thiago Fernando L. V. B. Rangel ◽  
José Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
New World ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
New World Birds

A review of the mite subfamily Harpirhynchinae (Acariformes: Harpirhynchidae)—parasites of New World birds (Aves: Neognathae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4023 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRE V BOCHKOV ◽  
BARRY M. OCONNOR ◽  
HANS KLOMPEN
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
New World Birds
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