scholarly journals Use of Zip Code Based Aggregate Indicators to Assess Race Disparities in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Long ◽  
Steven M. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Human Services ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Race Disparities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Zip Code ◽  
Ethnicity Data

Objective: In the first six months of the pandemic, information on race and ethnic­ity was missing for half of the US COVID-19 cases. Combining case ascertainment with census-based zip code indicators may iden­tify COVID-19 race-ethnicity disparities in the absence of individual-level data.Design: Ecological retrospective study for the period March-July 2020.Setting: Population-based investigation, Al­legheny County, Pennsylvania.Participants: All COVID-19 cases, adjusted for zip code area population, in the early period of the pandemic.Main Outcome Measures: Monthly COVID-19 incidence and requests for hu­man services by zip code level indicators of race-ethnicity and poverty.Results: In the early period of the pan­demic, COVID-19 incidence was higher in zip codes with a greater proportion of racial and ethnic minorities. Zip codes with the highest quartile of minority residents (>25.1% of population) had a COVID-19 incidence of 60.1 (95% CI: 51.7-68.5) per 10,000 in this period; zip codes with the lowest quartile of minority residents (<6.3%) had an incidence of 31.3 (95% CI: 14.4-48.2). Requests for human services during this period (volume of 211 calls and county services) confirm these disparities.Conclusion: Use of census-defined race-ethnicity proportions by zip code offers a way to identify disparities when individual race-ethnicity data are unavailable.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):399-406; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.399

scholarly journals Race & Ethnicity Data

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (SI) ◽  
pp. 91-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Sorensen ◽  
Betty Wood ◽  
Edward W. Prince
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
System A ◽  
Born Infant ◽  
Perinatal Data ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
Ethnicity Data

To create a better understanding of Hawai`i’s birthing population so that culturally appropriate strategies to prevent infant mortality could be developed, we undertook an analysis of population-based perinatal data collected in Hawai`i for the years 2000 and 2001. The data were collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). In this system, a stratified random sample of women who delivered a live born infant are mailed a self-administered questionnaire two to six months after they deliver, with telephone follow-up for those who do not respond. A bivariate analyses of maternal characteristics of singleton infants and the prevalence of low birth weight (

scholarly journals Ensuring Confidentiality and Rich Data in Large Data Sets: Birth Rates vary between Warm and Cold Seasons in the US Population

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Siordia ◽  
Ophra Leyser-Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Homogeneity Assumption ◽  
The Us ◽  
Timing Of Births ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Zip Code

Previous work argues that confidentiality is compromised by using an individual’s sex, full date of birth, and US zip code. With use of the American Community Survey we test this assumption while maintaining participant confidentiality to study how timing of births vary by season, region, race/ethnicity, origin, sex, and birth cohort. We found that region and demographic factors help explain the likelihood for giving birth in warm months, which provides evidence contrary to the birth-rate temporal-homogeneity assumption.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in the United States: Patterns of use and PSA outcomes in screened versus unscreened men.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4658-4658
Author(s):  
Ian M. Allen ◽  
Laura H Hendrix ◽  
Trevor Joseph Royce ◽  
William A. Stokes ◽  
Andrew Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Family History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Psa Screening ◽  
Psa Testing ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Never Screened

4658 Background: PSA screening is a subject of substantial controversy. We examined patterns of PSA screening using a recent cohort from the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study and compared PSA levels of previously screened vs. never screened men. Methods: NHANES is a cross-sectional study which collects health-related information (including cancer screening history, family history and socioeconomic variables) and blood samples from nationally representative samples of the US population. We included 2,078 previously screened men and 1,902 never screened men surveyed from 2003-8. Statistical analysis accounted for sampling weights. Results: 25% of men age 40-49 years had prior PSA screening; 56% age 50-59, and 72% age 60-69. Screening rates were higher for men with family history (68% vs. 50% no history, p<.001), health insurance (58% vs. 21% no insurance, p<.001), and Caucasians (59% vs. 44% non-Caucasian, p<.001). No significant differences were seen in the PSA values of screened vs. never screened men stratified by age (Table), or by race/ethnicity, insurance status, or family history. Conclusions: Rates of PSA screening in the US differ by age, family history, race/ethnicity and insurance status. However, no significant differences were seen in PSA values of screened vs. unscreened men, and very few patients under 60 years of age had PSA values ≥10. Despite questions about the appropriate role of PSA testing, population-based prostate cancer screening is routinely conducted among Caucasian and non-Caucasian men 50 years of age and older. [Table: see text]

Impact of US population demographic changes on projected incident cancer cases from 2019 to 2045 in three major cancer types.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e19044-e19044
Author(s):  
Jimmy Nguyen ◽  
Pavel Napalkov ◽  
Nicole Richie ◽  
Stella Arndorfer ◽  
Marko Zivkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Us Census ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Population Demographic

e19044 Background: The United States (US) Census Bureau has forecasted an unprecedented shift in the US demographics by 2045, in which there will be no single majority race/ethnicity. Due to well-characterized health disparities among different races/ethnicities in oncology and projected demographic changes, it is of interest to assess changes in the burden of three most frequent cancers: breast cancer (BC) for women, prostate cancer (PC) for men, and colorectal cancer (CRC) for both genders between 2019 and 2045. Methods: Historical age-adjusted rates (AARs) for BC in women, PC in men, and CRC in patients of all ages and stratified by race/ethnicity were collected from the SEER 18 database for 2000-15 period. AARs for cancers of interest were analyzed in Joinpoint Regression Program to obtain an average annual percent change (AAPC) for 2000-15. AARs were then projected to 2045 by assuming the rate behavior is equal to the AAPC. Projected absolute cases per 100,000 were generated by multiplying projected AARs with the associated projected population, retrieved from the US Census Bureau 2017 National Population Projects, and dividing by 100,000. The absolute change in projected patient numbers of cancer cases by race/ethnicity were assessed between 2019 and 2045. Results: From 2019 to 2045, a decrease of 4% is expected in the White Non-Hispanic (WNH) population while the Black (B), Hispanic (H), and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) populations are projected to increase 24%, 54%, and 57%, respectively. In the same time period, the projected number of BC incident cases for women of all ages decreased by 1% in WNH while the B, WH, and API populations were projected to increase 72%, 98%, and 120%, respectively. In both genders of all ages, a 39% and 17% reduction in the number of CRC incident cases in the WNH and B is expected compared to a 61% and 11% increase in the WH and API populations, respectively. Given observed reduction in PC incidence, especially in men 65+, the number of incident PC cases is projected to decrease by 2045 for all included races/ethnicities. Conclusions: Among racial and ethnic minorities, an increase in the number of BC and CRC cases is expected between 2019 and 2045. Projected decrease in PC cases is likely a result of decrease in incidence rates between 2010 and 2015 and should be assessed as new data become available. Currently, racial and ethnic minorities comprise < 20% of patients enrolled in clinical trials, demonstrating the need to understand biologic and social underpinnings of disparities in clinical outcomes in underrepresented groups.

scholarly journals Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across Michigan, United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa S. Parpia ◽  
Abhishek Pandey ◽  
Isabel Martinez ◽  
Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed ◽  
Chad R. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
Comorbidity Burden ◽  
The Us ◽  
Black Populations

AbstractBlack populations in the US are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, but the increased mortality burden after accounting for health and demographic characteristics is not well understood. We evaluated COVID-19 mortality in Michigan using individual-level death certificate and surveillance data from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services from March 16 to October 26, 2020. Among the 6,065 COVID-19-related deaths, Black individuals experienced 3.6 times the mortality rate as White individuals. Black individuals under 65 years without comorbidities had a mortality rate 12.6 times that of their White counterparts. After accounting for age, sex, and comorbidities, we found that Black individuals in all strata are at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality than their White peers. We demonstrate that inequities in mortality are driven by ongoing systemic racism, as opposed to comorbidity burden or older age, and further highlight how underlying disparities across the race are compounded in crises.

scholarly journals Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 in the US: Longitudinal evidence from a nationally representative sample of adults from April–October 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Daly ◽  
Eric Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
The Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractIntroductionVaccines against COVID-19 have been developed in unprecedented time. However, the effectiveness of any vaccine is dictated by the proportion of the population willing to be vaccinated. In this observational population-based study we examined intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19 over the course of the pandemic.MethodsWe analyzed longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of 7,547 US adults enrolled in the Understanding America Study (UAS). Participants reporting being willing, undecided and unwilling to get vaccinated against coronavirus across 13 assessments conducted from April-October, 2020. Public attitudes to vaccination against the coronavirus were also assessed.ResultsWillingness to vaccinate declined from 71% in April to 53.6% in October. This was explained by an increase in the percentage of participants undecided about vaccinating (from 10.5% to 14.4%) and the portion of the sample unwilling to vaccinate (from 18.5% to 32%). The population subgroups most likely to be undecided/unwilling to vaccinate were those without a degree (undecided: RRR=2.47, 95% CI: 2.04-3.00; unwilling: RRR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.67-2.20), Black participants (undecided: RRR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.73-2.74; unwilling: RRR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.63-2.42), and females (undecided: RRR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.20-1.65; unwilling: RRR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.14-1.46). Those aged 65+, those on high incomes, and other race/ethnicity participants were least likely to be undecided or unwilling to vaccinate. Concerns about potential side effects of a vaccine were common.ConclusionsIntentions to be vaccinated against coronavirus have declined rapidly during the pandemic and close to half of Americans are undecided or unwilling to be vaccinated.

Epidemics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race Ethnicity

This book challenges a dominant hypothesis in the study of epidemics. From an interdisciplinary array of scholars, a consensus has emerged: invariably, epidemics in past times provoked class hatred, blame of the ‘other’, or victimization of the diseases’ victims. It is also claimed that when diseases were mysterious, without cures or preventive measures, they more readily provoked ‘sinister connotations’. The evidence for these assumptions, however, comes from a handful of examples—the Black Death, the Great Pox at the end of the sixteenth century, cholera riots of the 1830s, and AIDS, centred almost exclusively on the US experience. By investigating thousands of descriptions of epidemics, reaching back before the fifth-century BCE Plague of Athens to the eruption of Ebola in 2014, this study traces epidemics’ socio-psychological consequences across time and discovers a radically different picture. First, scholars, especially post-AIDS, have missed a fundamental aspect of the history of epidemics: their remarkable power to unify societies across class, race, ethnicity, and religion, spurring self-sacrifice and compassion. Second, hatred and violence cannot be relegated to a time when diseases were mysterious, before the ‘laboratory revolution’ of the late nineteenth century: in fact, modernity was the great incubator of a disease–hate nexus. Third, even with diseases that have tended to provoke hatred, such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, plague, and cholera, blaming ‘the other’ or victimizing disease bearers has been rare. Instead, the history of epidemics and their socio-psychological consequences has been richer and more varied than scholars and public intellectuals have heretofore allowed.

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