scholarly journals Are Dogs That Eat Quickly More Likely to Develop a Gastric Dilatation (+/- Volvulus) Than Dogs That Eat Slowly?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Anne Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Gastric Dilatation ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Variable Quality

<p><strong><span lang="EN-US">Cli</span><span lang="EN-US">nical bottom line:</span></strong></p><p>The available evidence is mixed and of variable quality. Most evidence indicates that rate of eating has no effect on risk of gastric dilatation; volvulus (GDV). Where significant effects occur, fast eating was implicated as a risk factor. No studies found that slow eating was significantly associated with an increased risk of GDV. Slowing the rate at which a dog consumes a meal will not increase risk of GDV but it may possibly reduce the risk. Based on the limitations and unreliability of the current relevant literature there is not enough evidence to make a conclusion either way. </p><p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" /></p>

scholarly journals Are Dogs That Are Fed from a Raised Bowl at an Increased Risk of Gastric Dilation Volvulus Compared with Floor-Fed Dogs?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Anne Buckley
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Gastric Dilatation ◽  
Increased Risk

<p>There are only two studies that study the effect of raised feeders on the risk of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus (GDV) and their findings conflict. Only one study found a significant effect of feeder height, with large and giant breeds fed from a raised feeder being at an increased risk of GDV floor fed dogs. However, these authors found that, where the feeder was raised, the height of the feeder that increased the GDV risk was affected by the size of the dog. Large breed dogs were more likely to develop a GDV if fed from a bowl ≤ 1 foot tall, whereas giant breed dogs were more likely to develop a GDV if fed from a bowl &gt; 1 foot tall. No studies found that feeding from a raised feeder reduced the risk of GDV relative to feeding from the floor. Therefore, the safest option in the absence of further evidence is to advise that owners of ‘at risk’ dogs feed from a feeder on the floor. This may not reduce the risk of GDV, but there is no evidence to suggest that it will increase the risk. </p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" />

scholarly journals Are Pressure Vests Beneficial at Reducing Stress in Anxious and Fearful Dogs?

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Anne Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Data File ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Subjective Assessments ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Reducing Stress ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Variable Quality

<strong>PICO question</strong><br /><p>In fearful or anxious dogs does wearing a pressure vest, compared to not wearing one, result in reduced behavioural and physiological signs of stress? </p><strong>Clinical bottom line</strong><br /><p>Four studies of variable quality and limitations were identified that investigated the use of pressure vests, using various physiological and behavioural proxy measures of anxiety. Most behavioural outcome measures associated with a positive effect were subjective assessments, with unblinded assessors. Subjectively, many of the owners believed that pressure vests had a positive effect on their dogs’ anxiety levels.</p><p>The take home message for the veterinary professional is that pressure vests may have small but beneficial effects on canine anxiety and that habituating the dog to the vest, assessing for comfort and using repeatedly may improve the likelihood of any benefit. However, the owner should be cautioned that they should not expect their dog’s anxiety to be fully alleviated or prevented, and it may have no beneficial effect at all. </p><a href="https://ctt.ec/XrfoM" target="_blank"><img style="border: 0px none; width: 79px; height: 33px; margin: 0px; float: left; outline: none; text-decoration: none; -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;" src="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/d225a799e9a6edf193d7484f0/images/e989acbf-a9e8-41d9-ade3-1c24637fcbdd.png" alt="" width="79" height="33" data-file-id="2781617" /></a><p><img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/pr-icon.jpg" alt="Peer Reviewed" /></p>

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and conduct problems in high-risk youth: A developmental framework

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAUREN S. WAKSCHLAG ◽  
SYDNEY L. HANS
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
African American Youth ◽  
Prenatal Smoking ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Increase Risk

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse consequences for children. Most recently, it has been established as a risk factor for developmental psychopathology, specifically Conduct Disorder (CD). Although this association has been shown to be robust, developmental pathways from exposure to CD have not been established. We examined how prenatal exposure to cigarettes interacts with child and family factors to increase risk of CD symptoms in a longitudinal study of 10-year-old urban, African-American youth (N = 77). The effects of prenatal exposure at school age were moderated by child sex. Boys whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were significantly more likely to develop CD symptoms, but exposure did not increase risk in girls. A similar trend was found during infancy: prenatal smoking was associated with low sociability/negative emotionality only for boys. The effects of smoking during pregnancy were also moderated by the quality of the early caregiving environment. Exposed boys whose mothers were unresponsive during infancy were at increased risk of CD symptoms, but exposed boys with early responsive mothers were not. Prospective studies, with developmentally based measures of behavior across time, are critical for further elucidating pathways from prenatal exposure to cigarettes to the development of clinical disorder. The identification of a potentially modifiable, prenatal risk factor for early onset developmental psychopathology has important implications for prevention.

Abstract WP165: Silent Brain Infarction and Risk of Future Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Stroke ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Gupta ◽  
Ashley Giambrone ◽  
Gino Gialdini ◽  
Caitlin B Finn ◽  
Diana Delgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Brain Infarction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Silent Brain Infarction

Introduction: Silent brain infarction (SBI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is relatively frequently detected but of uncertain clinical significance. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that a pooled estimate from all relevant published and unpublished sources will demonstrate SBI to be an independent risk factor for future stroke. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the association between MRI-defined SBI and future stroke. We searched for relevant literature in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and the Cochrane Library Database from inception to April 3, 2015. All cohort studies involving adults with MRI detection of SBI who were subsequently followed for incident clinically-defined stroke were eligible. Study data and quality assessment was recorded in duplicate with disagreements in data extraction resolved by a third reader. Results: We studied 14,764 subjects from 13 studies with a mean follow-up ranging from 25.7 to 174 months. SBI predicted the occurrence of stroke with a random effects crude relative risk of 2.94 (95% CI 2.24-3.86, P<0.0001; Q=39.649, P<0.0001, Figure Panel A). In the 8 studies of 10,427 subjects providing cardiovascular risk factor-adjusted hazard ratios (HR), SBI was an independent predictor of incident stroke (HR of 2.08 [95% CI 1.69-2.56, P<0.0001, Figure Panel B]; Q=8.99, P=0.253). In a subgroup analysis pooling 9,483 stroke-free individuals from large population-based studies, SBI was present in ∼18% of participants and remained a strong predictor of future stroke (HR 2.06 [95% CI 1.64-2.59], p<0.01). A potential limitation of the existing literature was that MRI techniques for detecting SBI were variable across studies and were detected using older generation MRI equipment. Conclusion: SBI is present in approximately 1 in 5 stroke-free older adults and is associated with 2-fold increased risk of future stroke.

Physical Illness and Suicide Risk in Rural Residents of Contemporary China

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cun-Xian Jia ◽  
Lin-Lin Wang ◽  
Ai-Qiang Xu ◽  
Ai-Ying Dai ◽  
Ping Qin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population

Background: Physical illness is linked with an increased risk of suicide; however, evidence from China is limited. Aims: To assess the influence of physical illness on risk of suicide among rural residents of China, and to examine the differences in the characteristics of people completing suicide with physical illness from those without physical illness. Method: In all, 200 suicide cases and 200 control subjects, 1:1 pair-matched on sex and age, were included from 25 townships of three randomly selected counties in Shandong Province, China. One informant for each suicide or control subject was interviewed to collect data on the physical health condition and psychological and sociodemographic status. Results: The prevalence of physical illness in suicide cases (63.0%) was significantly higher than that in paired controls (41.0%; χ2 = 19.39, p < .001). Compared with suicide cases without physical illness, people who were physically ill and completed suicide were generally older, less educated, had lower family income, and reported a mental disorder less often. Physical illness denoted a significant risk factor for suicide with an associated odds ratio of 3.23 (95% CI: 1.85–5.62) after adjusted for important covariates. The elevated risk of suicide increased progressively with the number of comorbid illnesses. Cancer, stroke, and a group of illnesses comprising dementia, hemiplegia, and encephalatrophy had a particularly strong effect among the commonly reported diagnoses in this study population. Conclusion: Physical illness is an important risk factor for suicide in rural residents of China. Efforts for suicide prevention are needed and should be integrated with national strategies of health care in rural China.

Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (43) ◽  
pp. 5617-5627
Author(s):  
Mirjana Stojković ◽  
Miloš Žarković
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Developing Heart ◽  
Treatment Indications ◽  
Increased Risk

The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is 3-10%. The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism (SHr) is 0.7-9.7%. Thyroid hormones affect cardiac electrophysiology, contractility, and vasculature. SH is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), especially in subjects under 65. SHr seems to be associated with a slightly increased risk of CHD and an increase in CHD-related mortality. Both SH and SHr carry an increased risk of developing heart failure (HF), especially in those under 65. Both SH and SHr are associated with worse prognoses in patients with existing HF. SH is probably not associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). SHr, low normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and high normal free thyroxine (FT4) are all associated with the increased risk of AF. An association between endothelial dysfunction and SH seems to exist. Data regarding the influence of SHr on the peripheral vascular system are conflicting. SH is a risk factor for stroke in subjects under 65. SHr does not increase the risk of stroke. Both SH and SHr have an unfavourable effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. There is a U-shaped curve of mortality in relation to TSH concentrations. A major factor that modifies the relation between subclinical thyroid disease (SCTD) and mortality is age. SH increases blood pressure (BP). SHr has no significant effect on BP. Lipids are increased in patients with SH. In SHr, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein( a) are increased. SCTD should be treated when TSH is over 10 mU/l or under 0.1 mU/l. Treatment indications are less clear when TSH is between normal limits and 0.1 or 10 mU/L. The current state of knowledge supports the understanding of SCTD’s role as a risk factor for CVD development. Age is a significant confounding factor, probably due to age-associated changes in the TSH reference levels.

scholarly journals Changes in insomnia as a risk factor for the incidence and persistence of anxiety and depression: a longitudinal community study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Johansson ◽  
Markus Jansson-Fröjmark ◽  
Annika Norell-Clarke ◽  
Steven J. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Dynamic Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Development Of Anxiety

Abstract Background The aim of this investigation was to examine the longitudinal association between change in insomnia status and the development of anxiety and depression in the general population. Methods A survey was mailed to 5000 randomly selected individuals (aged 18–70 years) in two Swedish counties. After 6 months, a follow-up survey was sent to those (n = 2333) who answered the first questionnaire. The follow-up survey was completed by 1887 individuals (80.9%). The survey consisted of questions indexing insomnia symptomatology, socio-demographic parameters, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Change in insomnia status was assessed by determining insomnia at the two time-points and then calculating a change index reflecting incidence (from non-insomnia to insomnia), remission (from insomnia to non-insomnia), or status quo (no change). Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the aim. Results Incident insomnia was significantly associated with an increased risk for the development of new cases of both anxiety (OR = 0.32, p < .05) and depression (OR = 0.43, p < .05) 6 months later. Incident insomnia emerged also as significantly associated with an elevated risk for the persistence of depression (OR = 0.30, p < .05), but not for anxiety. Conclusions This study extends previous research in that incidence in insomnia was shown to independently increase the risk for the development of anxiety and depression as well as for the maintenance of depression. The findings imply that insomnia may be viewed as a dynamic risk factor for anxiety and depression, which might have implications for preventative work.

scholarly journals Potential relation of cardiovascular risk factors to disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1759720X2110337
Author(s):  
Iván Ferraz-Amaro ◽  
Javier Rueda-Gotor ◽  
Fernanda Genre ◽  
Alfonso Corrales ◽  
Ricardo Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Activity Score ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
Beta Coefficient

Background: Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients are known to have a higher prevalence of several comorbidities, including, among others, an increased risk of atherosclerosis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the sum of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is related to disease characteristics, such as disease activity, in patients with axSpA. Methods: A cross-sectional study that encompassed 804 patients with axSpA was conducted. Patients were assessed for the presence of five traditional CV risk factors (diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and smoking status), and disease activity measurements. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate whether the number of classic CV risk factors was independently associated with specific features of the disease, to include disease activity. Results: A multivariable analysis showed that Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score–C reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP) activity score was significantly higher in patients with 1 [beta coefficient 0.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–0.5), p = 0.001] and ⩾2 [beta coefficient 0.5 (95% CI 0.3–0.7), p = 0.000] CV risk factors compared with those without CV risk factors. Similarly, patients with 1 [OR 2.00 (95%CI 0.99–4.02), p = 0.053] and ⩾2 [OR 3.39 (95%CI 1.82–6.31), p = 0.000] CV risk factors had a higher odds ratio for the presence of high disease activity compared with the zero CV category. The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) activity score was significantly associated with the number of CV risk factors, being higher in patients with more CV risk factors. These relationships showed a CV risk factor-dependent effect being beta coefficients and ORs higher for the effect of ⩾2 over 1 CV risk factor. Conclusion: Among patients with axSpA, as the number of traditional CV risk factors increased, disease activity similarly increases in an independent manner.

scholarly journals Greater cardiorespiratory fitness reduces incidence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Verdicchio ◽  
A Elliott ◽  
R Mahajan ◽  
D Linz ◽  
D Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Statistical Heterogeneity

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction  Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia affecting 1-2% of the global population, with the prevalence of AF increasing dramatically over the past two decades. Although low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity are predictive of cardiovascular disease onset and mortality, only recently has this emerged as a potential risk factor for AF. Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis was therefore to quantify the relationship between CRF, measured by a symptom limited exercise stress test, and incident AF. We hypothesised that there would be an inverse relationship between CRF and the incidence of AF. Methods The systematic literature review was conducted using PUBMED, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, with seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria. A random-effects meta-analysis was then used to compare the multivariate risk estimates of the lowest CRF group from each cohort with the group of the highest CRF. Results Data from 206,925 individuals (55.8% males) was used for analysis with a mean age of 55 ± 2.5 years and a mean follow-up period of 10.3 ± 5 years. The total number of AF events across the studies was 19,913. The overall pooled risk of AF in the high-CRF group versus the low-CRF group showed a significant lower risk of incident AF in those with high-CRF (OR: 0.52, 95% CI, 0.44-0.605, p &lt; 0.001). There was evidence of statistical heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 81%, p &lt; 0.001). AF incidence rates demonstrated an overall decline in rates across the CRF quartiles from low to high. The mean incidence rate for low-CRF was 21 ± 13.4 compared to 6.9 ± 0.7 per 1000 person-years for the high CRF group (p = 0.03). Conclusion There is an inverse association between a lower CRF and an increased risk of AF, with a higher level of CRF protective against AF. This study highlights that low-CRF may be an additional risk factor for AF along with already other established lifestyle-based risk factors such as obesity and hypertension. Exercise interventions should be promoted as a primary prevention strategy in those at risk of developing AF with known risk factors. Future studies are warranted to identify the mechanism(s) through which improved CRF confers a reduction in AF incidence. Abstract Figure. AF risk between high and low-CRF

scholarly journals Perceived Social Status and Suicidal Ideation in Maltreated Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli L. Dickerson ◽  
Helen M. Milojevich ◽  
Jodi A. Quas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Established Risk Factor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Perceived Social Status

AbstractRecent decades have seen an alarming increase in rates of suicide among young people, including children and adolescents (“youth”). Although child maltreatment constitutes a well-established risk factor for suicidal ideation in youth, few efforts have focused on identifying factors associated with maltreated youths’ increased risk for suicidal ideation, especially across development. The present study examined the relations between maltreated youths' (N = 279, M = 12.06 years, 52% female, 53% Latinx) perceptions of their social status and suicidal ideation and compared those relations between pre-adolescents and adolescents. Findings revealed unique developmental patterns: Perceived social status was associated with suicidal ideation, but only in adolescents, who showed greater risk for suicidal ideation if they viewed themselves as lower ranked in society and lower risk for suicidal ideation if they viewed themselves as higher ranked in society. Findings have implications for scientific and practical efforts aimed at better understanding and preventing suicide in a high-risk developmental population.

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