Efficacy of Pre and Post Emergence Application of Imazethapyr and its Ready Mix Herbicides on Growth, Weed Dynamics and Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheela Barla ◽  
R.R. Upasani
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Weed Control Efficiency ◽  
Weed Dynamics

Background: Weeds are major constraints in chickpea production. This crop is highly susceptible to weed competition owing to slow initial growth thus weeds cause up to 75% yield loss. Methods: Treatments comprised of imazethapyr 50 g/ha as PE (pre emergence), imazethapyr 70 g/ha as PE, imazethapyr 50 g/ha as PoE (post emergence), imazethapyr 70g/ha as PoE, imazethapyr + imazamox ready mix (RM) 50 g/ha as PE, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha as PE, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 50 g/ha as PoE, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM)70 g/ha as PoE, pendimethalin 1 kg/ha PE, imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) 1 kg/ha PE, hoeing at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check. Result: Application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) 1 kg/ha as pre emergence recorded maximum plant dry matter accumulation at 60, 90, 120 DAS and at maturity stage and also higher CGR at 60-90, 90-120 and120 DAS - maturity of crop. Application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin (RM) 1 kg/ha as pre emergence was most effective in producing higher seed yield (1749 kg/ha), weed control efficiency (87.28%), net return (` 77,136), reduced weed management index 5.15 and 3.90 at 30 and 60 DAS respectively.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Different Weed Interference Situations

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein GHAMARI ◽  
Goudarz AHMADVAND
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Crop Biomass

In production agriculture, weed plants play an important role in yield reduction. Analysis of crop growth can reveal underlying processes of yield loss under weed interference conditions. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in 2011 in order to assess the effect of weed competition on different aspects of dry bean growth. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments included weed-infested and weed-free periods until 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after crop emergence. Aboveground dry matter and leaf area were measured every two weeks. The functional approach to growth analysis was used to examine temporal patterns in crop growth in weed interference conditions. A negative relationship between weed biomass and dry bean growth indexes was observed. In all treatments, crop biomass had a similar trend and progressively increased over the crop cycle, then after reaching the maximum amount, gradually decreased. The lowest crop biomass (676.60 g m-2) was observed in season-long weed-infested treatment, while the maximum one (1238.82 g m-2) was recorded in season-long weed-free treatment. Relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) had a declining trend during the growing season. Increase in weed-infested periods intensified decrease of them. Effect of weed competition on crop growth was trifle at the early of growing season. Since NAR and RGR represent photosynthesis potential and dry matter accumulation of the crop, their reduction can be the main cause of yield loss.

Weed Management in Pulses: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheeja K. Raj ◽  
J. K. Sinchana
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses

Pulses are the important crop after cereals and is the cheapest source of dietary protein. After the Green revolution, the production of pulses in India remain stagnant over the years due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the various biotic stresses, weeds are the major one which causes severe yield loss in pulses. Due to initial slow growth of pulses, weeds emerge first and gain competitive advantage over the crop and exhibit smothering effect on crop. Moreover, major area of pulses (84 per cent) are under rainfed condition and grown in combination with non-legume crop. As a result, pulses are subjected to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Weeds besides causing direct loss in yield also hinder farm activities and serve as alternate host to many pests. Weed management in pulses is essential to bring the weeds below the threshold level to maximize the seed yield and quality. The literature regarding the importance of weed management in pulses, weed flora, critical period of crop weed competition and different weed management methods of weed control are collected and presented in this paper.Weeds are the predominant biological constraint in pulse production due to the slow initial growth of the crop. Strategies’ of weed management depends on the weed competition, types of weeds present and weed control method adopted. In general, critical period of weed competition for short duration pulses is up to 30 days and for long duration pulse crops it is up to 60 days. The major three types of weeds viz., grasses, broad leaved weeds and sedges were found in association with pulses. Intensity of weed infestation varies with agroecological conditions and crop management practices followed. A system approach is necessary to maintain the weed population below the economic threshold level thereby reducing the yield loss. Integrated weed management (IWM) which has been proved to be more effective than any single method in alleviating the buildup of weeds in pulse crop.

scholarly journals ÁGUA SALINA E SUBSTRATOS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO MELOEIRO

Irriga ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ângela Casimiro Lopes ◽  
Rafael Vitor da Silveira Muniz ◽  
Samara Sibelle Vieira Alves ◽  
Aline Costa Ferreira ◽  
Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Organic Compound ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

ÁGUA SALINA E SUBSTRATOS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO MELOEIRO   MARIA ÂNGELA CASIMIRO LOPES1; RAFAEL VITOR DA SILVEIRA MUNIZ1; SAMARA SIBELLE VIEIRA ALVES2; ALINE COSTA FERREIRA1; FRANCISCO VANIES DA SILVA SÁ3 E LUDERLÂNDIO DE ANDRADE SILVA3 1 Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Pombal, PB, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural do Pernambuco, UFRPE, Garanhuns, PE, Brasil, [email protected] Centro de Ciências e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected]  1 RESUMO Objetivou-se estudar a produção de mudas de meloeiro em função de diferentes substratos irrigados com água salina. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação no município de Pombal, Paraíba PB, no período de abril a maio de 2015. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 2 constituído de quatro níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação - CEa (0,3; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5 dS m-1) e três substratos [S1= solo; S2= solo + composto orgânico (2:1); e S3 = solo + esterco bovino (2:1)], e duas variedades de melão (V1= Melão Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho; V2= Hales Best Jumbo), com quatro repetições e três plantas úteis por repetição. As plantas foram conduzidas em recipientes com capacidade de 0,5 dm3 durante 32 dias após a semeadura, quando foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento e acúmulo de matéria seca. O crescimento e o acúmulo de matéria seca de ambas as variedades foram reduzidos com o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação. O crescimento e acúmulo de massa seca da variedade Hales Best Jumbo no substrato constituído de solo com composto orgânico foi menos afetado pelo estresse salino. A variedade Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho é a mais sensível ao estresse salino independente do substrato utilizado. Palavras-chave: Cucumis melo L.; estresse salino, composto orgânico.  LOPES, M. A. C.; MUNIZ, R. V. S.; ALVES, S. S. V.; FERREIRA, A. C.; SÁ, F. V. S.; ANDRADE SILVA, L. A.SALINE WATER AND SUBSTRATES ON INITIAL GROWTH IN MELON  2 ABSTRACT The aim was to study the production of melon seedlings for different substrates irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the city of Pombal, Paraíba, PB, in the period April-May 2015. We adopted a completely randomized design in a factorial 4 x 3 x 2 design, consisting of four levels of irrigation water salinity (0.3, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dS m-1) and three substrates [S1= ground; S2= soil + organic compound (2:1); and S3= soil + manure (2:1)] , and two varieties of melon (V1 = Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho; V2 = Hales Best Jumbo), with four replications and three plants per repetition. Plants were kept in containers with a capacity of 0.5 dm3 for 32 days after sowing, when they were evaluated for growth and accumulation of dry matter. Growth and dry matter accumulation of both varieties were reduced with increasing irrigation water salinity. The growth and accumulation of dry mass of the Hales Best Jumbo variety in the substrate composed of soil with organic compost was less affected by salt stress. The Gaúcho Casca de Carvalho variety is the most sensitive to salt stress regardless of the substrate used. Keywords: Cucumis melo L., salt stress, organic compound

Influence of Planting Date on Growth of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Keeley ◽  
Robert J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
June July

Bermudagrass plugs were transplanted from the greenhouse to the field at monthly intervals from March through October at Shafter, CA. Emergence began from the March plantings when soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm reached 17 C. Although the initial growth of March, April, and May plantings was very slow, these plantings eventually produced about 60% more dry matter (2100 g/m2) than June, July, and August plantings (1300 g/m2) when harvested in December. At 8 weeks after planting, June to August plantings accumulated 120% more dry matter (460 g/m2) than March to May plantings (210 g/m2). At 12 weeks, dry matter accumulation was greatly reduced by shorter photoperiods and cool temperatures for March and September plantings (160 g/m2) when compared to all intermediate plantings (700 g/m2). All plantings, except October, produced rhizomes (15 to 120/m2) and seeds (154 to 73400/m2) before killing frosts occurred in late November. Although rhizomes and seeds were not collected until the 12-week harvest for the March to May plantings, these plantings produced or tended to produce the greatest number of rhizomes (85/m2) and seeds (49300/m2) by December. Rhizomes and seeds from the June to September plantings were collected within 8 weeks, indicating that declining photoperiods hastened rhizome and seed production.

Predicted Corn Yield Loss Due to Weed Competition Prior to Postemergence Herbicide Application on Wisconsin Farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathanael D. Fickett ◽  
Chris M. Boerboom ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Early Season

Approximately 50% of the genetically modified herbicide-resistant corn hectares in the United States are treated only with POST-applied herbicides for weed management. Although a high degree of efficacy can be obtained with POST-applied herbicides, delayed timing of application may result in substantial corn yield loss. Our goal was to characterize on-farm corn–weed communities prior to POST herbicide application and estimate potential corn-yield loss associated with early-season corn–weed competition. In 2008 and 2009, field surveys were conducted across 95 site-years in southern Wisconsin and recorded weed species, density, and height in addition to crop height, growth stage, and row spacing. WeedSOFT® was used to predict corn yield loss. Common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, dandelion, common ragweed, andAmaranthusspecies were the five most abundant broadleaf weed species across site-years, present in 92, 86, 59, 45, and 44% of all fields, respectively, at mean densities of 19, 3, 3, 4, and 3 plants m−2, respectively. Mean plant heights among these species were 17 cm or less. Grass and sedge species occurred in 96% of fields at a mean density of 25 plants m−2and height of 7 cm. The mean and median of total weed density across site-years were 96 and 52 plants m−2, with heights of 14 and 13 cm, respectively. Mean predicted corn yield loss was 4.5% with a mean economic loss of $62 ha−1. However, predicted yield loss was greater than 5% on one-third of the site-years, with a maximum of 26%. These results indicate that delayed application of POST herbicides has led to corn yield loss due to early-season weed-crop competition on a substantial number of fields across southern Wisconsin, and suggest that management tactics need to be improved to protect corn yield potential fully.

scholarly journals Selectivity of Herbicides to Native Tree Species in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. OLIVEIRA ◽  
A.C. SILVA JR ◽  
C.G. GONÇALVES ◽  
M.R.R. PEREIRA ◽  
D. MARTINS
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽  
Native Tree Species ◽  
Trema Micrantha ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: Weeds are one of the main obstacles in the recovery of degraded areas. This research aimed to study the selectivity of herbicides on Trema micrantha (Jamaican nettletree), Schinus molle (Peruvian peppertree), and Apuleia leiocarpa (garapeira) seedlings. An experiment was installed in Junqueirópolis and another in Jaboticabal/SP, Brazil. The experimental design used was completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments consisted of clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (50 + 50 g a.i. ha-1), sethoxydim (184 g a.i. ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (75 g a.i. ha-1), nicosulfuron (50 g a.i. ha-1), fluazifop-p-butyl (125 g a.i. ha-1), fomesafen (225 g a.i. ha-1), haloxyfop-methyl (48 g a.i. ha-1), bentazon (720 g a.i. ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl (15 g a.i. ha-1), and control without herbicide. The analyzed characteristics were stem diameter, plant height, and phytointoxication at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after herbicide application (DAA), in addition to shootdry matter accumulation in seedlings at the end of the study. Nicosulfuron and chlorimuron-ethyl caused intoxication in all the studied tree species. In Jaboticabal, these herbicides impaired the initial growth of Jamaican nettletree seedlings, while no herbicide delayed its initial development in Junqueirópolis.A similar result was obtained regarding dry matter accumulation for garapeira in both cities. The herbicides clethodim + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and sethoxydim decreased dry matter accumulation in Peruvian peppertree plants in Jaboticabal and Junqueirópolis, respectively, thus not being recommendedtheir use for these species.

Effect of seed dressing agents on the emergence of maize sown on different dates

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
Z. Gyenes-Hegyi ◽  
S. Záborszky
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Cold Test ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Seed Dressing ◽  
Germination Ability ◽  
Emergence Date

Maize seed sown in cold soil during the first ten days of April will only produce a satisfactory stand if the hybrid chosen has adequate chilling tolerance and if the seed has high biological value (germination percentage, cold test) and is treated with a high quality dressing agent. The emergence date is influenced to a great extent by the heat sum, so only a small proportion of the considerable difference in the sowing date is manifested in the emergence date. Nevertheless, healthy plants emerging from early-sown seed have more rapid initial growth and development, as demonstrated by their greater shoot dry matter accumulation. It is not worth risking early sowing in heavily infected soil, with seed lots having poor germination ability, without adequate seed dressing, or with chilling-sensitive hybrids.

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