Importance of Legumes and Role of Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria for Their Production: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chaudhary ◽  
R. Dhanker ◽  
R. Kumar ◽  
S. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Sulphur Nutrition ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Background: Legumes are relatively cheap, non-animal good source of valuable proteins, micro-nutrients and vitamins in human and animal nutrition for many years. Recognizing the potential of legumes in achieving the sustainable solution to the global food security, protein access, eradicate hunger and malnutrition, FAO of the United Nations (The Food and Agriculture Organization), facilitated 2016 as the International Year of Pulses (grain legumes) under the banner ‘nutritious seeds for a sustainable future’. The nutrient, nitrogen and biological nitrogen fixation is very crucial for legume’s growth, besides sulphur deficiency is very sensitive to the nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Despite the amazing beneficial properties, legumes are neglected by most of us due to having tough competition with low price and high yielding cereal varieties. Methods: Therefore keeping in mind the above points, this review discusses the importance and application of legumes in different perspectives, legume cultivation patterns, importance of sulphur nutrition to legumes, role of sulphur oxidizing bacteria in sulphur nutrition, improving soil and environment, challenges and future of legumes. Conclusion: Legumes have variety of applications including food, health, environment and many other sectors but we are not able to produce enough amount according to their genetic potential due to inefficient breeding programs. Sulphur is an important nutrient along with N effecting its growth and yield. Sulphur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) have been proved as an important tool for improving yield and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes. Therefor application of biofertilizers along with SOB and improved genetic breeding programmes may prove leading steps to enhance their production.

scholarly journals The Significance of Flavonoids in the Process of Biological Nitrogen Fixation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5926
Author(s):  
Wei Dong ◽  
Yuguang Song
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Rhizobium Spp ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Do So

Nitrogen is essential for the growth of plants. The ability of some plant species to obtain all or part of their requirement for nitrogen by interacting with microbial symbionts has conferred a major competitive advantage over those plants unable to do so. The function of certain flavonoids (a group of secondary metabolites produced by the plant phenylpropanoid pathway) within the process of biological nitrogen fixation carried out by Rhizobium spp. has been thoroughly researched. However, their significance to biological nitrogen fixation carried out during the actinorhizal and arbuscular mycorrhiza–Rhizobium–legume interaction remains unclear. This review catalogs and contextualizes the role of flavonoids in the three major types of root endosymbiosis responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. The importance of gaining an understanding of the molecular basis of endosymbiosis signaling, as well as the potential of and challenges facing modifying flavonoids either quantitatively and/or qualitatively are discussed, along with proposed strategies for both optimizing the process of nodulation and widening the plant species base, which can support nodulation.

Fraser John Bergersen AM FAA. 26 May 1929 — 3 October 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 33-58
Author(s):  
John Brockwell ◽  
Janet I. Sprent ◽  
David A. Day
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Plant Industry ◽  
Terminal Oxidases ◽  
Research Organisation ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Legume Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Csiro Division

Fraser Bergersen rose from humble beginnings in New Zealand to become a leading microbiologist who specialized in the physiology and biochemistry of legume nitrogen fixation. He and his family emigrated to Australia in 1954. Virtually all of his career was spent in Canberra at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Plant Industry. In the 1970s, Bergersen and colleagues achieved worldwide prominence when they elucidated the role of leghaemoglobin in facilitating oxygen diffusion to the Bradyrhizobium bacteroids in soybean nodules and in the nitrogen fixation process itself. During the rest of his working life, Fraser Bergersen contributed greatly to understanding the role of oxygen, the mode of its delivery, and terminal oxidases in all forms of biological nitrogen fixation.

scholarly journals The charcoal forest: Ecology, aesthetics and the Anthropocene

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Niles
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Cultural Persistence ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
Shed Light

This paper explores the significance of local forms of knowledge of the natural world, especially the role of this knowledge in cultural coherence and persistence through time, and its consequent significance to the intellectual challenges of the Anthropocene. The text examines the activity of a master charcoal-maker and forest-manager in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, who works within a landscape recognized by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)—a place of special cultural and agroecological value. Drawing on theories of the evolution of knowledge and material culture studies, charcoal is seen as embodiment of particular understandings of the agencies of the natural world. Attention to the various stages in the production and use of charcoal sheds light on the structure of this knowledge, especially on the important areas in which qualities of one field of activity are transferred to or become essential to another. These “overlaps” link what otherwise appear to be disparate fields of activity into mutually constitutive elements of a whole. They shed light on the dynamics of cultural persistence and indicate the diversity of forms environmental knowledge; they can amplify understanding of the nature of the Anthropocene.

scholarly journals Role of Diazotrophic Bacteria in Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Plant Growth Improvement

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wansik Shin ◽  
Rashedul Islam ◽  
Abitha Benson ◽  
Manoharan Melvin Joe ◽  
Kiyoon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Diazotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

scholarly journals Proteome Profiling of the Rhodobacter capsulatus Molybdenum Response Reveals a Role of IscN in Nitrogen Fixation by Fe-Nitrogenase

2015 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Hoffmann ◽  
Eva Wagner ◽  
Sina Langklotz ◽  
Yvonne Pfänder ◽  
Sina Hött ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Rhodobacter Capsulatus ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proteome Profiling ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Diazotrophic Growth

ABSTRACTRhodobacter capsulatusis capable of synthesizing two nitrogenases, a molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase and an alternative Mo-free iron-only nitrogenase, enabling this diazotroph to grow with molecular dinitrogen (N2) as the sole nitrogen source. Here, the Mo responses of the wild type and of a mutant lacking ModABC, the high-affinity molybdate transporter, were examined by proteome profiling, Western analysis, epitope tagging, andlacZreporter fusions. Many Mo-controlled proteins identified in this study have documented or presumed roles in nitrogen fixation, demonstrating the relevance of Mo control in this highly ATP-demanding process. The levels of Mo-nitrogenase, NifHDK, and the Mo storage protein, Mop, increased with increasing Mo concentrations. In contrast, Fe-nitrogenase, AnfHDGK, and ModABC, the Mo transporter, were expressed only under Mo-limiting conditions. IscN was identified as a novel Mo-repressed protein. Mo control of Mop, AnfHDGK, and ModABC corresponded to transcriptional regulation of their genes by the Mo-responsive regulators MopA and MopB. Mo control of NifHDK and IscN appeared to be more complex, involving different posttranscriptional mechanisms. In line with the simultaneous control of IscN and Fe-nitrogenase by Mo, IscN was found to be important for Fe-nitrogenase-dependent diazotrophic growth. The possible role of IscN as an A-type carrier providing Fe-nitrogenase with Fe-S clusters is discussed.IMPORTANCEBiological nitrogen fixation is a central process in the global nitrogen cycle by which the abundant but chemically inert dinitrogen (N2) is reduced to ammonia (NH3), a bioavailable form of nitrogen. Nitrogen reduction is catalyzed by nitrogenases found in diazotrophic bacteria and archaea but not in eukaryotes. All diazotrophs synthesize molybdenum-dependent nitrogenases. In addition, some diazotrophs, includingRhodobacter capsulatus, possess catalytically less efficient alternative Mo-free nitrogenases, whose expression is repressed by Mo. Despite the importance of Mo in biological nitrogen fixation, this is the first study analyzing the proteome-wide Mo response in a diazotroph. IscN was recognized as a novel member of the molybdoproteome inR. capsulatus. It was dispensable for Mo-nitrogenase activity but supported diazotrophic growth under Mo-limiting conditions.

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