Current Status and Prospect of Web Blight of Cowpea: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka . ◽  
Anand Kumar Meena ◽  
A.C. Mathur ◽  
R.K. Bagri ◽  
R.S. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Necrotic Spots ◽  
Brown Centre ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Web Blight ◽  
Soil Level ◽  
Important Disease

Pulses in India have been considered as the poor man’s only source of protein. Among them Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important food legume which is also known as vegetable meat due to high amount of protein in the grain with better biological value on dry weight basis. Various factors viz., diseases and insect pests are mostly responsible for its low production. Among diseases, web blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important disease of cowpea. The web blight appears every year at varying intensity and causes heavy losses in yield. Web blight disease is most severe at seedling and vegetative stage. The disease is characterized by oval or spindle shaped brown black lesions having length ranging from 0.2-8 cm at soil level near collar region and girdling the basal portion of the stem and lesions developed by basidiospores of Thanatephorus cucumeris which are 2-4 mm in diameter, circular and appear as brown necrotic spots with light brown centre. Cob web like symptoms also noticed hence, the name web blight.

scholarly journals Effects of exogenous silicon on maize seed germination and seedling growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yankun Sun ◽  
Jiaqi Xu ◽  
Xiangyang Miao ◽  
Xuesong Lin ◽  
Wanzhen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System

AbstractAs the global population continues to increase, global food production needs to double by 2050 to meet the demand. Given the current status of the not expansion of cultivated land area, agronomic seedlings are complete, well-formed and strong, which is the basis of high crop yields. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of seed germination and seedling growth in response to silicon (from water-soluble Si fertilizer). The effects of Si on the maize germination, seedling growth, chlorophyll contents, osmoprotectant contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, non-enzymatic antioxidant contents and stomatal characteristics were studied by soaking Xianyu 335 in solutions of different concentrations of Si (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g·L−1). In this study, Si treatments significantly increased the seed germination and per-plant dry weight of seedlings (P < 0.05), and the optimal concentration was 15 g·L−1. As a result of the Si treatment of the seeds, the chlorophyll content, osmotic material accumulation and antioxidant defence system activity increased, reducing membrane system damage, reactive oxygen species contents, and stomatal aperture. The results suggested that 15 g·L−1 Si significantly stimulated seed germination and promoted the growth of maize seedlings, laying a solid foundation for subsequent maize growth.

Transgenic technologies for enhanced molecular breeding of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Forster ◽  
S. Panter ◽  
A. Mouradov ◽  
J. Mason ◽  
G. C. Spangenberg
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Transgenic Technology ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Transgenic Technologies

White clover is an important pasture legume of temperate regions, generally through co-cultivation with a pasture grass in a mixed-sward setting. White clover provides herbage with high nutritional quality to grazing animals, along with the environmental benefit of biological nitrogen fixation. Several key agronomic traits are amenable to modification in white clover through use of transgenic technology. Efficient methods for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of white clover have been developed. The current status of transgenic research is reviewed for the following traits: resistance to viruses and insect pests; aluminium tolerance and phosphorus acquisition efficiency; control of leaf senescence and seed yield; biosynthesis of flavonoids and rumen bypass proteins for bloat safety and enhanced ruminant nutrition; cyanogenesis; and drought tolerance. Future prospects for transgenic technology in molecular breeding in white clover are also discussed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Some Eggplant Cultivars to Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Zienab Raeyat ◽  
Jabraiel Razmjou ◽  
Bahram Naseri ◽  
Asgar Ebadollahi ◽  
Patcharin Krutmuang
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Population Increase

Due to the detrimental side-effects of synthetic pesticides, the use of nonchemical strategies in the management of insect pests is necessary. In the present study, the susceptibility of fourteen eggplant cultivars to green peach aphid (M. persicae) were investigated. According to preliminary screening tests, ‘Long-Green’, ‘Ravaya’ and ‘Red-Round’ as relatively resistant, and ‘White-Casper’ and ‘Pearl-Round’ as susceptible cultivars were recognized. In the antixenosis tests, the highest hosting preference was documented for ‘White-Casper’. Population growth parameters were used for evaluation of antibiosis. The highest and lowest developmental time (d) was observed on ‘Long-Green’ (4.33 d) and ‘White-Casper’ (3.26 d), respectively. The highest and lowest intrinsic rates of population increase (rm) were on ‘White-Casper’ (0.384 d−1) and ‘Long-Green’ (0.265 d−1), respectively. Significant differences were observed in the height and fresh and dry weight of infested and noninfected plants. Plant resistance index (PRI), as a simplified way to assess all resistance mechanisms, provides a particular value to determine the proper resistant cultivar. The greatest PRI value was observed on ‘Long-Green’. In general, the ‘Long-Green’ showed the least, and the ‘White-Casper’ displayed the most susceptibility among tested cultivars infested by M. persicae, which might be useful in integrated management of this pest.

Prevention and Detection of Fungicide Resistance Development in Rhizoctonia zeae from Soybean and Corn in Nebraska

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Gambhir ◽  
Srikanth Kodati ◽  
Matthew Huff ◽  
Flávio Silva ◽  
Olutoyosi Ajayi-Oyetunde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Current Status ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Rhizoctonia Zeae

The goal of this research was to advance the foundational knowledge required to quantify and mitigate fungicide resistance in Rhizoctonia zeae, the seedling disease pathogen of soybean and corn. In vitro sensitivity to azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, sedaxane, and/or prothioconazole was determined for 91 R. zeae isolates obtained mostly from soybean and corn fields in Nebraska. Isolates were sensitive to fludioxonil, sedaxane, and prothioconazole (EC50 < 3 µg/ml) and had a positively skewed EC50 distribution. Isolates were not sensitive to azoxystrobin in vitro (EC50 > 100 µg/ml) or in planta. Application of azoxystrobin did not significantly decrease disease severity or improve total dry weight of the soybean plants (P > 0.05). The risk of resistance development in R. zeae was estimated by characterizing its population structure. Eighty-one R. zeae isolates were genotyped using six microsatellite markers. Results showed that the population has a mixed mode of reproduction and is structured according to geographic region, suggesting limited dispersal. These population characteristics suggest that R. zeae has an intermediate risk of resistance development. Overall, this research established the current status of fungicide sensitivity in R. zeae in Nebraska and estimated its risk of resistance development, which can inform fungicide resistance management for R. zeae.

scholarly journals Screening Camelia sinensis Germplasm Against Grey Leaf Blight of Tea

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Akbar ◽  
Gul Shad Ali ◽  
Brian Pearson ◽  
Farrukh Hamid ◽  
Sonia Sumreen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Lesion Diameter ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Grey Blight

Grey blight is a foliar disease of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) caused by Pestalotiopsis. The grey blight pathogen was isolated from infected leaves of tea plants in the National Tea and High Value Crop Research Institute (NTHRI), Shinkiari, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Eight different varieties, Indonesian, Roupi, Jue King, P-5, P-3, Qi man, Chuy and P-1, were investigated for yield loss and resistance against the grey blight disease. All varieties displayed considerably different levels of resistance to Pestalotiopsis (p<0.05). The most resistant variety was Indonesian, which showed the lowest number of lesions (1.5 leaf-1) and the smallest lesion diameter (3.0 cm), whereas the most susceptible variety was P-1 which showed the highest number of lesions (3.83 leaf-1) and the largest lesion diameter (15.0 cm). The grey leaf blight pathogen significantly affected biomass and dry matter of the tested varieties. Compared to non-inoculated control, inoculation with Pestalotiopsis reduced the number of leaves by 40% (p<0.05), fresh leaf weight by 31% (p<0.05) and dry leaf weight by 59% (p<0.05). Whereas, the Indonesian variety was the least affected showing only 11% (p<0.05), 19% (p<0.05), and 28% (p<0.05) reduction in number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight, respectively, over control. These results showed that Pestalotiopsis significantly reduced tea yield and that this disease can be managed by growing resistant varieties.

scholarly journals Seasonal Emergence and Historical Contaminant Exposure of Cave Myotis (Myotis velifer) in Central Texas and Current Status of the Population

Environments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Tarisha A. Land ◽  
Donald R. Clark ◽  
Charles E. Pekins ◽  
Thomas E. Lacher
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Contaminant Exposure ◽  
Fort Hood ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Myotis Myotis ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lactating Females

We examined the emergence patterns of Myotis velifer in central Texas in 2000 and assessed exposure to pesticide residues. We collected and analyzed guano from three caves for pesticide residues. In addition, bat carcasses were sampled from an active colony of cave myotis (Myotis velifer) in Shell Mountain. Organochlorine residue concentrations were highest in guano from the Egypt and Tippit Caves, whereas organophosphate concentrations were highest in Shell Mountain guano. Residue concentrations of organochlorines and metals in guano and carcasses collected from the three caves are considered low and probably of no biological concern. The study was one of very few to demonstrate the presence of OPs, including 18 different detectable compounds in the two most recent samples of bat guano. Comparisons between spring and fall guano samples from Shell Mountain suggest that HCB (hexachlorobenzene), total chlordanes, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan II, p,p’-DDE (Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene), and o,p’-DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) accumulated while bats were absent from the caves at Fort Hood. Lindane appeared to be the only chemical that increased while the bats were present at the site. Organochlorine concentrations in carcasses were generally lowest in lactating females and higher in nursing juveniles. The pattern of emergence coincides with the peak of agricultural activities, therefore, bats forage at a time when the insect pests are most abundant, but also potential to exposure to agricultural chemicals is highest. The current status of the population, however, remains stable in spite of the history of exposure.

A review study on botanical pesticides for the management of stored grain insect pests

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Sanjeet Kumar ◽  
Opin Kumar ◽  
S. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Sheath Blight ◽  
Systems Management ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Botanical Pesticides ◽  
Rice Distribution ◽  
Sheath Blight Disease ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Blight Disease

Sheath Blight, Disease, Rice, Distribution, Systems, Management.

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