scholarly journals Sugarcane Breeding for salt affected soils of subtropical India

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Kulshreshtha ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
M. R. Meena ◽  
Ravinder . Kumar ◽  
B. N. Manjhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Sugar Recovery ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Tolerant Clones

Sugarcane important commercial crop of India. Both saline and sodic soils also contribute significantly in affecting cane yield and sugar recovery. In view of this, Effort was made to screen 32 genotypes of sugarcane of diverse genetic background against soil salinity at Nain farm, Panipat. (CSSRI, Karnal) during 2015-16. The soil salinity of the experimental area varies greatly from 2.25 dSm-1 to 29.04 dSm-1 at different crop intervals. Under this experiment, 9 entries were planted under various levels of electrical conductivity. Based on the performance of these entries, an experiment was planted for further evaluation at ICAR-SBI-RC, Karnal under four salinity level of irrigation waters viz., Normal, 4 EC.iw: 4 dSm-1, EC.iw: 8 dSm-1 and EC.iw: 12 dSm-1 Five clones were identified as tolerant and six clones were moderately tolerant whereas Six genotypes were found highly sensitive clones. These tolerant and moderately tolerant clones may be utilized in breeding programme towards development of salinity tolerant varieties.

scholarly journals Soil salinization under different climate change scenarios: A global scale analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Shokri ◽  
Amirhossein Hassani ◽  
Adisa Azapagic
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

<p>Population growth and climate change is projected to increase the pressure on land and water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This pressure is expected to affect all driving mechanisms of soil salinization comprising alteration in soil hydrological balance, sea salt intrusion, wet/dry deposition of wind-born saline aerosols — leading to an increase in soil salinity. Soil salinity influences soil stability, bio-diversity, ecosystem functioning and soil water evaporation (1). It can be a long-term threat to agricultural activities and food security. To devise sustainable action plan investments and policy interventions, it is crucial to know when and where salt-affected soils occur. However, current estimates on spatio-temporal variability of salt-affected soils are majorly localized and future projections in response to climate change are rare. Using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, we related the available measured soil salinity values (represented by electrical conductivity of the saturated paste soil extract, EC<sub>e</sub>) to some environmental information (or predictors including outputs of Global Circulation Models, soil, crop, topographic, climatic, vegetative, and landscape properties of the sampling locations) to develop a set of data-driven predictive tools to enable the spatio-temporal predictions of soil salinity. The outputs of these tools helped us to estimate the extent and severity of the soil salinity under current and future climatic patterns at different geographical levels and identify the salinization hotspots by the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century in response to climate change. Our analysis suggests that a soil area of 11.73 Mkm<sup>2</sup> located in non-frigid zones has been salt-affected in at least three-fourths of the 1980 - 2018 period (2). At the country level, Brazil, Peru, Sudan, Colombia, and Namibia were estimated to have the highest rates of annual increase in the total area of soils with an EC<sub>e</sub> ≥ 4 dS m<sup>-1</sup>. Additionally, the results indicate that by the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, drylands of South America, southern and Western Australia, Mexico, southwest United States, and South Africa will be the salinization hotspots (compared to the 1961 - 1990 period). The results of this study could inform decision-making and contribute to attaining the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals for land and water resources management.</p><p>1. Shokri-Kuehni, S.M.S., Raaijmakers, B., Kurz, T., Or, D., Helmig, R., Shokri, N. (2020). Water Table Depth and Soil Salinization: From Pore-Scale Processes to Field-Scale Responses. Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR026707. https://doi.org/ 10.1029/2019WR026707</p><p>2. Hassani, A., Azapagic, A., Shokri, N. (2020). Predicting Long-term Dynamics of Soil Salinity and Sodicity on a Global Scale, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 117, 52, 33017–33027. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013771117</p>

scholarly journals Cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS)

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pichu Rengasamy ◽  
Alla Marchuk
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Structural Stability ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Clay Dispersion ◽  
Soil Structural Stability ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Cation Ratio

Sodium salts tend to dominate salt-affected soils and groundwater in Australia; therefore, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is used to parameterise soil sodicity and the effects of sodium on soil structure. However, some natural soils in Australia, and others irrigated with recycled water, have elevated concentrations of potassium and/or magnesium. Therefore, there is a need to derive and define a new ratio including these cations in place of SAR, which will indicate the dispersive effects of Na and K on clay dispersion, and Ca and Mg on flocculation. Based on the differential dispersive effects Na and K and the differential flocculation powers of Ca and Mg, we propose the concept of ‘cation ratio of soil structural stability’ (CROSS), analogous to SAR. This paper also gives the results of a preliminary experiment conducted on three soils varying in soil texture on hydraulic conductivity using percolating waters containing different proportions of the cations Ca, Mg, K, and Na. The relative changes in hydraulic conductivity of these soils, compared with the control treatment using CaCl2 solution, was highly correlated with CROSS. Clay dispersion in 29 soils treated with irrigation waters of varying cationic composition was highly correlated with CROSS rather than SAR. It was also found that CROSS measured in 1 : 5 soil/water extracts was strongly related to the ratio of exchangeable cations. These results encourage further study to investigate the use of CROSS as an index of soil structural stability in soils with different electrolytes, organic matter, mineralogy, and pH.

Classification and Mitigation of Soil Salinization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Water Rates ◽  
Irrigated Lands ◽  
The Right

Soil salinity has been causing problems for agriculturists for millennia, primarily in irrigated lands. The importance of salinity issues is increasing, since large areas are affected by irrigation-induced salt accumulation. A wide knowledge base has been collected to better understand the major processes of salt accumulation and choose the right method of mitigation. There are two major types of soil salinity that are distinguished because of different properties and mitigation requirements. The first is caused mostly by the large salt concentration and is called saline soil, typically corresponding to Solonchak soils. The second is caused mainly by the dominance of sodium in the soil solution or on the soil exchange complex. This latter type is called “sodic” soil, corresponding to Solonetz soils. Saline soils have homogeneous soil profiles with relatively good soil structure, and their appropriate mitigation measure is leaching. Naturally sodic soils have markedly different horizons and unfavorable physical properties, such as low permeability, swelling, plasticity when wet, and hardness when dry, and their limitation for agriculture is mitigated typically by applying gypsum. Salinity and sodicity need to be chemically quantified before deciding on the proper management strategy. The most complex management and mitigation of salinized irrigated lands involves modern engineering including calculations of irrigation water rates and reclamation materials, provisions for drainage, and drainage disposal. Mapping-oriented soil classification was developed for naturally saline and sodic soils and inherited the first soil categories introduced more than a century ago, such as Solonchak and Solonetz in most of the total of 24 soil classification systems used currently. USDA Soil Taxonomy is one exception, which uses names composed of formative elements.

scholarly journals Bacterial nanotubes as a manifestation of cell death

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Pospíšil ◽  
Dragana Vítovská ◽  
Olga Kofroňová ◽  
Katarína Muchová ◽  
Hana Šanderová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Biophysical Forces ◽  
Cytoplasmic Content ◽  
Dying Cells ◽  
Competence System ◽  
Cell To Cell Transfer ◽  
Cell Disintegration

Abstract Bacterial nanotubes are membranous structures that have been reported to function as conduits between cells to exchange DNA, proteins, and nutrients. Here, we investigate the morphology and formation of bacterial nanotubes using Bacillus subtilis. We show that nanotube formation is associated with stress conditions, and is highly sensitive to the cells’ genetic background, growth phase, and sample preparation methods. Remarkably, nanotubes appear to be extruded exclusively from dying cells, likely as a result of biophysical forces. Their emergence is extremely fast, occurring within seconds by cannibalizing the cell membrane. Subsequent experiments reveal that cell-to-cell transfer of non-conjugative plasmids depends strictly on the competence system of the cell, and not on nanotube formation. Our study thus supports the notion that bacterial nanotubes are a post mortem phenomenon involved in cell disintegration, and are unlikely to be involved in cytoplasmic content exchange between live cells.

The effect of spacing on the growth ofEucalyptus camaldulensison salt-affected soils of the Punjab, Pakistan

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 2434-2444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javaid Akhtar ◽  
Z. A. Saqib ◽  
R. H. Qureshi ◽  
M. A. Haq ◽  
M. S. Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Dehnh ◽  
The Impact ◽  
I 31

This study compared the performance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. planted at four spacings (2.0 m × 2.0 m, 2.5 m × 2.5 m, 3.0 m × 3.0 m, and 3.5 m × 3.5 m) at three experimental saline sites in Punjab province of Pakistan over 5 years and assessed the impact of these planting densities on soil salinity amelioration. Tree response was assessed by measuring survival, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees at 1, 2, and 5 years as well as wood volume after 5 years. Wood volume per hectare, height, and DBH were greater at sites I and II than at site III. The 3.0 m × 3.0 m spacing resulted in taller trees, but DBH and wood volume were greater with the 3.5 m × 3.5 m spacing. The study confirmed that initial tree spacing or density has a significant impact on the subsequent height, DBH, and wood volume of E. camaldulensis plants. The study also showed that broad spacing could be a better option in saline environments. There was a definite reduction in soil salinity (electrical conductivity, ECe) at five soil depths after 5 years of tree growth at all sites and spacing treatments, with reductions varying from 46% to 47% at site I, 31% to 52% at site II, and 25% to 58% at site III. Soil ECewas generally higher in surface (0–15 cm) soils.

scholarly journals Predicting long-term dynamics of soil salinity and sodicity on a global scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (52) ◽  
pp. 33017-33027
Author(s):  
Amirhossein Hassani ◽  
Adisa Azapagic ◽  
Nima Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Remediation Strategies ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

Knowledge of spatiotemporal distribution and likelihood of (re)occurrence of salt-affected soils is crucial to our understanding of land degradation and for planning effective remediation strategies in face of future climatic uncertainties. However, conventional methods used for tracking the variability of soil salinity/sodicity are extensively localized, making predictions on a global scale difficult. Here, we employ machine-learning techniques and a comprehensive set of climatic, topographic, soil, and remote sensing data to develop models capable of making predictions of soil salinity (expressed as electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract) and sodicity (measured as soil exchangeable sodium percentage) at different longitudes, latitudes, soil depths, and time periods. Using these predictive models, we provide a global-scale quantitative and gridded dataset characterizing different spatiotemporal facets of soil salinity and sodicity variability over the past four decades at a ∼1-km resolution. Analysis of this dataset reveals that a soil area of 11.73 Mkm2 located in nonfrigid zones has been salt-affected with a frequency of reoccurrence in at least three-fourths of the years between 1980 and 2018, with 0.16 Mkm2 of this area being croplands. Although the net changes in soil salinity/sodicity and the total area of salt-affected soils have been geographically highly variable, the continents with the highest salt-affected areas are Asia (particularly China, Kazakhstan, and Iran), Africa, and Australia. The proposed method can also be applied for quantifying the spatiotemporal variability of other dynamic soil properties, such as soil nutrients, organic carbon content, and pH.

scholarly journals Delineating reclamation zones for site-specific reclamation of saline-sodic soils in Dushak, Turkmenistan

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256355
Author(s):  
Elif Günal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Spatial Trend ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Best Management

Soil salinization is the widespread problem seriously affecting the agricultural sustainability and causing income losses in arid regions. The major objective of the study was to quantify and map the spatial variability of soil salinity and sodicity. Determining salinity and sodicity variability in different soil layers was the second objective. Finally, proposing an approach for delineating different salinity and sodicity zones was the third objective. The study was carried out in 871.1 ha farmland in Southeast of Dushak town of Ahal Province, Turkmenistan. Soil properties, including electrical conductivity (EC), soil reaction (pH), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), calcium carbonate and particle size distribution (clay, silt and sand fractions) in 0–30, 30–60, 60–90 and 90–120 cm soil layers were recorded. The EC values in different soil layers indicated serious soil salinization problem in the study area. The mean EC values in 0–90 cm depth were high (8 dS m-1), classifying the soils as moderate to strongly saline. Spatial dependence calculated by the nugget to sill ratio indicated a strong spatial autocorrelation. The elevation was the primary factor affecting spatial variation of soil salinity in the study area. The reclamation of the field can be planned based on three distinct areas, i.e., high (≥12 dS m-1), moderate (12–8 dS m-1) and low (<8 dS m-1) EC values. The spatial trend analyses of SAR values revealed similar patterns for EC and pH; both of which gradually decreased from north to the south-west. The amount of water needed to leach down the salts from 60 cm of soil profile is between 56.4–150.0 ton ha-1 and the average leaching water was 89.8 tons ha-1. The application of leaching water based on the amount of average leaching water will result in higher or lower leaching water application to most locations and the efficiency of the reclamation efforts will be low. Similar results were recorded for sulfur, sulfuric acid and gypsum requirements to remediate sodicity. The results concluded that the best management strategy in planning land development and reclamation schemes for saline and sodic soils require accurate information about the spatial distribution of salinity and sodicity across the target area.

scholarly journals PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF DWARF COCONUT PLANTS UNDER WATER DEFICIT IN SALT-AFFECTED SOILS

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRE REUBER ALMEIDA DA SILVA ◽  
FRANCISCO MARCUS LIMA BEZERRA ◽  
CLAUDIVAN FEITOSA DE LACERDA ◽  
CARLOS HENRIQUE CARVALHO DE SOUSA ◽  
MARLOS ALVES BEZERRA
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Coconut Tree ◽  
Salinity Water ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Physiological Acclimation ◽  
Adjustment Mechanisms ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological acclimation responses of young plants of the dwarf coconut cultivar Jiqui Green‘ associated with tolerance to conditions of multiple abiotic stresses (drought and soil salinity), acting either independently or in combination. The study was conducted under controlled conditions and evaluated the following parameters: leaf gas exchange, quantum yield of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and relative contents of total chlorophyll (SPAD index). The experiment was conducted under a randomized block experimental design, in a split plot arrangement. In the plots, plants were exposed to different levels of water stress, by imposing potential crop evapotranspiration replacement levels equivalent to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%, whereas in subplots, plants were exposed to different levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80, and 40.70 dS m-1). Physiological mechanisms were effectively limited when water deficit and salinity acted separately and/or together. Compared with soil salinity, water stress was more effective in reducing the measured physiological parameters. The magnitudes of the responses of plants to water supply and salinity depended on the intensity of stress and evaluation period. The physiological acclimation responses of plants were mainly related to stomatal regulation. The coconut tree has a number of physiological adjustment mechanisms that give the species partial tolerance to drought stress and/or salt, thereby enabling it to revegetate salinated areas, provided that its water requirements are at least partially met.

Spatial Variability of Sodium Adsorption Ratio and Sodicity in Salt-Affected Soils of Northeast Thailand

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Porntip Phontusang ◽  
Roengsak Katawatin ◽  
Krirk Pannangpetch ◽  
Sununtha Kingpaiboon ◽  
Rattana Lerdsuwansri
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Soil Sodicity ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Salt Affected Soils ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Very High

Information on spatial variability of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is useful for implementation of appropriate control measures for the salt-affected soils. The major objective of this study was to use geostatistics to describe the spatial variability of (i) the SAR and consequently (ii) the soil sodicity, in areas of different classes of salt-affected soils. Attention was on areas of very severely salt-affected soils (class 1), severely salt-affected soils (class 2), and moderately salt-affected soils (class 3). For each class, 2 study sites were chosen, totally 6 sites were taken into consideration. In each site, 100 soil samples were collected at 0-30 cm depth according to the stratified systematic unaligned sampling method in the dry season of 2012, and analyzed for the SAR in the laboratory. Descriptive statistics and Geostatistics were applied to describe the variability and spatial variability of SAR and soil sodicity, respectively. The result revealed very high variability of SAR. Descriptive statistics showed the CV values of ≥ 35% for every site of every class. When using semivariogram to describe the spatial correlation of SAR, it was found that in 3 study sites, the semivariogram models fitted well with the corresponding semivariogram samples indicating spatial correlation of SAR in the areas. In these cases, the Ordinary Kriging was applied to generate soil sodicity map. The relatively short range values especially for class 1 indicated very high variation of SAR. However, for the other 3 study sites, the linear models were fitted indicating no spatial correlation. Consequently, Trend Surface Analysis was applied instead. According to the soil sodicity maps generated in this study, the areas of class 1 were entirely occupied by strongly sodic soils. For classes 2 and 3, the soils in all study sites belonging to these classes included normal and slightly sodic soils of different proportions. Furthermore, inconsistency of the spatial variability patterns of SAR was found even in areas within the same class of salt-affected soils. As a result, prior to the intensive management of this problem soil in a particular area, investigation on the spatial variability pattern should be performed

scholarly journals Actual Evapotranspiration and Tree Performance of Mature Micro-Irrigated Pistachio Orchards Grown on Saline-Sodic Soils in the San Joaquin Valley of California

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Marino ◽  
Daniele Zaccaria ◽  
Richard L. Snyder ◽  
Octavio Lagos ◽  
Bruce D. Lampinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Tree Performance

In California, a significant percentage of the pistachio acreage is in the San Joaquin Valley on saline and saline-sodic soils. However, irrigation management practices in commercial pistachio production are based on water-use information developed nearly two decades ago from experiments conducted in non-saline orchards sprinkler-irrigated with good quality water. No information is currently available that quantify the effect of salinity or combined salinity and sodicity on water use of micro-irrigated pistachio orchards, even though such information would help growers schedule irrigations and control soil salinity through leaching. To fill this gap, a field research study was conducted in 2016 and 2017 to measure the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) from commercial pistachio orchards grown on non-saline and saline-sodic soils in the southern portion of the San Joaquin Valley of California. The study aimed at investigating the functional relations between soil salinity/sodicity and tree performance, and understanding the mechanisms regulating water-use reduction under saline and saline-sodic conditions. Pistachio ETa was measured with the residual of energy balance method using a combination of surface renewal and eddy covariance equipment. Saline and saline-sodic conditions in the soil adversely affected tree performance with different intensity. The analysis of field data showed that ETa, light interception by the tree canopy, and nut yield were highly and linearly related (r2 > 0.9). Moving from non-saline to saline and saline-sodic conditions, the canopy light interception decreased from 75% (non-saline) to around 50% (saline) and 30% (saline-sodic), and ETa decreased by 32% to 46% relative to the non-saline orchard. In saline-sodic soils, the nut yield resulted around 50% lower than that of non-saline orchard. A statistical analysis performed on the correlations between soil physical-chemical parameters and selected tree performance indicators (ETa, light interception, and nut yield) revealed that the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) adversely affected tree performance more than the soil electrical conductivity (ECe). Results suggest that secondary effects of sodicity (i.e., degradation of soil structure, possibly leading to poor soil aeration and root hypoxia) might have had a stronger impact on pistachio performance than did salinity in the long term. The information presented in this paper can help pistachio growers and farm managers better tailor irrigation water allocation and management to site-specific orchard conditions (e.g., canopy features and soil-water salinity/sodicity), and potentially lead to water and energy savings through improved irrigation management practices.

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