scholarly journals Implications of Tannin Containing Plants for Productivity and Health in Small Ruminant Animals: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel M. Atiba ◽  
Rutto K. Laban ◽  
Sun Zewei ◽  
Zhong Qingzhang ◽  
Natnael D. Aschalew
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Anthelmintic Drugs

Infection with parasitic nematodes is a serious threat to health and production of small ruminant worldwide. It causes reduction in feed intake, weight gain and eventually death of the host. The primary control method of the nematode infection relied on frequent use of anthelmintic drugs. Unfortunately, this control strategy is no longer effective due to widespread anthelmintic resistance, which necessitates search for novel approaches to control nematodes. Condensed tannin (CT) containing forages have been used as anthelmintic to control parasitic nematodes for years. This paper reviews available information about effects of CT on productivity and health of small ruminants infected with parasitic nematodes. Many of temperate and tropical forages are nutraceutical plants (possess both nutritional and health benefits). Consumption of CT containing forages reduced negative impacts of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep and goat by regulating establishment of worm as shown in reduced worm burdens, fecal egg count (FEC) and worm fecundity. Parasitized sheep and goats fed forages containing CT had high feed intake and body weight gain, probably due to increase in protein and amino acids supply. Condensed tannins containing feeds result in lighter meat color and tend to improve antioxidant activity. Therefore, the use of CT containing forages to control parasitic nematodes and improve production of small ruminants is one the alternatives to anthelmintic drugs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of resistance in a selected field strain of Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin and moxidectin using the Larval Migration on Agar Test

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda S. Fortes ◽  
Fernando S. Kloster ◽  
Andressa S. Schafer ◽  
Daniele Bier ◽  
Andréia Buzatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Field Isolate ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Larval Migration ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
Anthelmintic Drugs

Haemonchus contortus is one of the most common and economically significant causes of disease in small ruminants worldwide, and the control programs of parasitic nematodes - including H. contortus - rely mostly on the use of anthelmintic drugs. The consequence of the use of this, as the sole sanitary strategy to avoid parasite infections, was the reduction of the efficacy of all chemotherapeutic products with a heavy selection for resistance. The widespread of anthelmintic resistance and the difficulty of its early diagnosis has been a major concern for the sustainable parasite management on farms. The objective of this research was to determine and compare the ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MOX) effect in a selected field strain of H. contortus with a known resistance status, using the in vitro larval migration on agar test (LMAT). Third stage larvae of the selected isolate were obtained from faecal cultures of experimentally infected sheep and incubated in eleven increasing diluted concentrations of IVM and MOX (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1536, 3072 and 6144µg/mL). The dose-response sigmoidal curves were obtained using the R² value of >0.90 and the lethal concentration (LC50) dose for the tested anthelmintic drugs using a four-parameter logistic model. The LC50 value for MOX was significantly lower than IVM (1.253µg/mL and 91.06µg/mL), identifying the H. contortus isolate as considerably less susceptible to IVM compared to MOX. Furthermore, the LMAT showed a high consistency (p<0.0001) and provided to be a useful diagnostic tool for monitoring the resistance status of IVM and MOX in H. contortus field isolate, as well as it may be used for official routine drug monitoring programs under the Ministry of Agriculture (MAPA) guidance.

scholarly journals Chemical Analysis and Anthelmintic Activity Against Teladorsagia Circumcincta of Nordic Bark Extracts In vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiridoula Athanasiadou ◽  
Marit Almvik ◽  
Jarkko Hellström ◽  
Eva Madland ◽  
Nebojsa Simic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Anthelmintic Drugs

Helminth parasitic infections are common in small ruminants in Norway; infection is usually treated with anthelmintic drugs, but anthelmintic resistance is an increasing problem. It is necessary to identify strategies to reduce the use of anthelmintic drugs and mitigate the impact of anthelmintic resistance. Condensed tannin (CT)-rich forages have been shown to reduce the helminth burden in small ruminants, but these forages have limited cultivation potential in Scandinavia. A good source for CT in cold climatic regions may be the bark of several commercially utilized tree species. In the present study, we determined the content and characterized the type of CT in bark extracts of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), spruce (Picea abies L.), and birch (Betula pubescens). Extracts of selected bark samples were tested for their anthelmintic efficacy against the ovine infectious nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Total CT content was higher in the bark from younger (10–40 years old) pine and spruce trees; it decreased with tree age in pine, whereas it remained relatively stable in the bark of spruce and birch. Pine trees consisted of 100% procyanidins, whereas prodelphinins were present in most spruce (4–17%) and all birch samples (5–34%). Our studies clearly showed that there is variation in the anthelmintic activity of water and acetone extracts of bark samples collected from various sites around Norway, as this was measured with two independent in vitro assays, the egg hatch and larvae motility assays. The anthelmintic activity of some extracts was consistent between the two assays; for example, extracts from the three samples with the highest CT content showed very high activity in both assays, whereas the extract from the sample with the lowest CT content showed the lowest activity in both assays. For other extracts, activity was not consistent across the assays, which could be attributed to the susceptibility of the different stages of the parasitic life cycle. We demonstrated that bark extracts from commercially used trees in Scandinavia have the potential to be used as alternatives to anthelmintics. Further work should focus on refining the associations between bark extracts and anthelmintic activity to identify the best strategies to reduce the input of anthelmintic drugs in livestock production systems.

The effects of oil palm leaf meal-based diets on the growth performance and haematological indices of Red Sokoto goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
A.I. Ukanwoko ◽  
C.T. Alfred
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Haematological Indices ◽  
Palm Leaf

An experiment was carried out to determine the growth performance and haematological indices of Red Sokoto goats placed on oil palm leaf meal (OPLM)-wheat offal based diet. Six goats aged 12-18 months, weighing 15 – 20kg were randomly assigned to three treatments, comprising two animals each in a Completely Randomized Design. Each animal received 1kg of the diet daily for 56 days and weighed weekly. Results showed that final body weight was significant (P<0.05) with goats on T3 having the highest (21.50kg). The feed intake, body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were significantly different (P<0.05). T3 had the highest feed intake (305.35g/d), highest body weight gain (90.84g/d) and the best FCR (3.36). Significant differences (P <0.05) were observed in the Red Blood Cell (RBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Haemoglobin (Hb) counts, ranging between 3.12 - 4.20x106ml; 23.00 -30.50% and 7.70 - 10.15g/dl respectively with goats on T3 having the highest.  The inclusion of OPLM enhanced body weight gain, FCR, RBC, PCV, and Hb counts of the goats. Therefore the oil palm leaf meal diets are recommended for better goat production. Key word: Growth performance; Oil Palm Leaf meal., Blood profile., Creatinine., Red Sokoto Goat.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of effects of different sources of groundnut meals on digestibility, growth performance and economics of production of growing rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 272-283
Author(s):  
K. T. Orayaga ◽  
P. M. Goholshak
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Seed Kernel ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Groundnut Cake

Three groundnut meals namely: groundnut cake (GNC), locally processed groundnut cake (kulikuli) and toasted groundnut seed(kernel) meal (TGSM) were incorporated in rabbit diets at two levels to generate six diets: 18% GNC, 22% GNC, 18% Kulikuli, 22% Kulikuli, 18% TGSM and 22% TGSM respectively, and 18% GNC also served as the control diet. Twenty four (24) six weeks-old growing rabbits of mixed breeds and sexes with mean initial weight of 568.75±l2.85g were randomly allocated to the six dietary treatment groups, such that each had four rabbits and each rabbit formed a replicate in a completely randomized design laid out in a 2X3 factorial arrangement and fed ad libitum, for 70 days. The main effects showed that while the treatment groups fed TGSM were significantly depressed (p<0.05). rabbits fed GNC and kulikuli were not significantly different (p>0.05) for average daily feed intake, daily body weight gain and final body weight. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not significantly (p >0.05) affected among treatment groups. Rabbits fed TGSM had significantly (p<0.05) better apparent digestibility coefficient (78.04%) than those on kulikuli (75.81%6) and the group on kulikuli were better than animals fed GNC (72.09%) for fat digestibility. Fibre digestibility was also significantly different (p <0.05), with rabbits fed kulikuli having the poorest fibre digestion (15.63 %). Crude protein, dry matter and NFE apparent digestibility coefficients were not significantly (p >0.05) affected. Among all the parameters measured, only fat and fibre digestibility coefficients had significant (p <0.05) interactions and NFE digestibility was significantly affected (p <0.05) by level of inclusion, with groups fed 22% digesting it better. Feed cost kg gain did not differ significantly (p >0.05) among the treatment groups. Growth was still on the rise and there was a significantly (P<0.01) strong relationship (correlation and regression) between feed intake and weight gain for all the treatment groups. was concluded that both kulikuli and TGSM are potential feed resources for rabbits, more available to house hold farmers, equally economical as GNC and better still if groundnut farmers and or processors of kulikuli raise rabbits, though TGSM had less value for growth rate compared to GNC and Kulikuli at these levels of inclusion

scholarly journals Effect of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas lam.) Peel meal as replacement for maize on growth performance and cost of feeding weaner rabbits

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
H. Ibrahim ◽  
O. J. Olaniyi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Potato Peel

The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of maize with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas lam.) on growth performance and cost of feeding weaner rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total number of thirty-six (36) weaned rabbit of mixed sexes were used for the experiment. The rabbits were allotted randomly into four dietary treatments and replicated thrice with three rabbits per replicate and were designated: control (T): normal 1 compounded diet without sweet potato peel meal, T had the compounded feed which 5% 2 sweet potato peel meal, T had compounded diet with 10% sweet potato peel meal and 3 treatment four (T) had the compounded diet with 15% sweet potato peel meal. The 4 experiment lasted eight weeks and data were obtained on growth performance and cost benefit. The parameters considered on growth performance include initial weight, final weight, total body weight gain, daily weight gain, weekly weight gain, daily feed intake, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio while that of cost benefit include cost of purchasing different experimental feed stuff. The results obtained on growth performance showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the parameters monitored. Cost of feeding was also not significantly different (p>0.05). However, higher profit index (174. 64) was recorded in T1 and lower benefit cost ratio (166.68) was recorded in T4 for total cost of feed intake per rabbit. In conclusion, sweet potato peel meal can be uses as a good replacement for maize in rabbit production without any adverse effect on the performance of rabbit.

Performance and slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens fed different sources of maggot meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-270
Author(s):  
O. O. Egbewande ◽  
A. A. Jimoh ◽  
B. Y. Amore ◽  
B. Y. Amore
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Different Sources

In this study, the effect of three different sources of maggot meals was conducted to evaluate the performance and slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens. Five diets were formulated to include Diet 1 (control) which contained 3.5 % fish meal, while Diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 3.5% maggot meal from broiler droppings (BMM),maggot meal from layers droppings (LMM) and maggot meal from rabbit faeces (RMM) respectively. Eighty (80) dayold unsexed Marshall Broilers were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD). Thedietary treatments had 20 birds each with two (2) replicates. Data were generated on proximate analysis and performance indices including feed intake and weight gain, slaughter characteristics and mortality rate. They were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means significantly different were separated using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability level. Results from proximate analysis showed that maggots from layer droppings had the highest crude protein and ether extract. Results on performance indices showed that birds fed on diet 3 (layer maggot meal) had significantly (P<0.05) best performance than others as regards feed intake. Layer maggot meal (LMM) in this study enhanced bestproductive performance compared to those from broiler and rabbit maggot.Birds fed layer maggot meal had the best (1.85) feed conversion ratio. They also had the best body weight gain (2501g) and feed intake (4627g). In conclusion, layer maggot meal is recommended as analternative animal protein source to expensive fish meal.

scholarly journals Effects of Replacing Groundnut Cake with Blood Vegetable Waste Meal in the Diets of Weaner Rabbits

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Adedayo Abiodun Adeniji
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Vegetable Waste ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Ad Libitum

A total of seventy-two weaner rabbits of eight weeks of age were used to assess the effects of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) with blood vegetable waste meal (BVWM) in the diets of rabbits. The BVWM was fed to replace dietary GNC at 0, 15, 30, and 45%, with GNC being 15% in the control diet. The four experimental diets were fed ad libitum for a period of eight weeks. BVWM was analyzed to contain a crude protein value of 62.35%. There were comparable feed intake values by rabbits on all the diets although the rabbits in the higher replacement levels of BVWM tended to have consumed more of the feed. There were significant increases (P<0.05) in body weight gain by rabbits as the BVWM level increased in the diet. Similarly, the feed to gain ratio improved and nitrogen digestibility increased (P<0.05) with higher levels of BVWM in the diet. This study shows that rabbits can tolerate the 45% BVWM replacement of groundnut cake effectively.

scholarly journals Genes associated with body weight gain and feed intake identified by meta-analysis of the mesenteric fat from crossbred beef steers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0227154
Author(s):  
Amanda K. Lindholm-Perry ◽  
Harvey C. Freetly ◽  
William T. Oliver ◽  
Lea A. Rempel ◽  
Brittney N. Keel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Mesenteric Fat

scholarly journals Effects of edible fats and oils on the body weight gain and on weights of some selected organs in rats removing the impact of unequal feed intake

1970 ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
N Ahmad ◽  
S Majumder ◽  
MA Miah ◽  
MJ Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Edible Fats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

An investigation on Long Evans male rats fed with different edible fats and oils was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during a period of 7 weeks (1st April to 19th May, 2005) to determine and to compare the effect of feeds on body weight gain and on weights of some selected organs (heart, liver and kidney) removing the impact of unequal feed intake. A total of 20, six-week old male rats were randomly divided into A, B, C and D groups. Each group consisted of 5 rats. Rats were fed rat pellets purchased from ICDDR,B, Dhaka supplemented with beef fat in group A, fish fat in group B and soybean oil in group C while group D was considered as control and fed only with rat pellets. The concentration of fats and oils were 7% of normal diet and fed for 7 weeks. The highest weekly mean body weight gain (19.90g) adjusted for unequal feed intake was achieved by the rats of beef fat supplemented group A, followed by the rats of soybean oil supplemented group C (19.76g) and fish fat supplemented group B (15.67g). But none of the adjusted means of weekly body weight gain differed significantly (p > 0.05) from the control. Insignificant increases in heart weight were recorded in all treated rats and the maximum weight was in fish oil treated ones. Not much differences were recorded in the kidney weights rather beef oil treated rats' kidney had the lowest mean weight. A significantly (p < 0.01) higher liver weight was recorded in group B & C compared to control (group D), though the differences between A & D were insignificant. It could be concluded that fats and oils are harmful for the rat's body especially on liver and heart. Key words: Edible fats and oils, rat, body weight, organ weight, analysis of variance, covariance DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1326 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 107-110

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