Colour, Class and Community - The Natal Indian Congress, 1971-1994

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwin Desai ◽  
Goolam Vahed
Keyword(s):  
Colour Class

scholarly journals The Age of Old Galactic Populations

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
M. Grenon
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Radial Velocities ◽  
Thick Disk ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Galactic Bulge ◽  
Colour Class ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Nearby Stars

As a preparation to the HIPPARCOS mission, a large observing programme on NLTT stars (propermotion > 0.18 ″/yr) was started in Genevaphotometry. The original programme consists of 10047 stars brighter than mR = 11.5, or mR = 12.5 if of colour class m. Among them, 7813 targets could be included in the HIPPARCOS programme, selected according to their observability and internal priorities in favour of large parallaxe stars (photometric distances < 100 pc) and high-velocity stars. The bulk of new nearby, halo, mild-metal poor and SMR stars in the HIP Catalogue originates from this proposal (N° 139). No less than 208 new nearby stars with π ≥ 40 mas were discovered south of δ +10°, the closest has π(HIP)= 182 mas. Radial velocities were obtained with CORAVEL at OHP and ESO. Most aspects of the early evolution of the Galaxy may be addressed with this sample. Here we discuss, as examples, the ages of the thick disk and of the galactic bulge.

scholarly journals (Star, k)-colourings of graphs with bounded treewidth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Weffort-Santos ◽  
L. L. C. Pedrosa
Keyword(s):  
Open Problem ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
Graph Colouring ◽  
Bounded Treewidth ◽  
Colour Class

We study a generalization of graph colouring define as follows. Given a graph G, a (star, k)-colouring of G is a colouring c : V(G) → {1, ..., k} such that every colour class induces a star. We propose an O*(2^(O(tw))k^(tw)-time algorithm that decides whether a graph G of treewidth at most tw admits a (star, k)-colouring. This resolves an open problem posed by Angelini et al. in 2017. Our approach can be extended to other defective colouring models.

scholarly journals Strong chromatic index of products of graphs

2007 ◽  
Vol Vol. 9 no. 1 (Graph and Algorithms) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Togni
Keyword(s):  
Cartesian Product ◽  
Complete Graphs ◽  
Chromatic Index ◽  
Induced Matching ◽  
Colour Class ◽  
Strong Chromatic Index ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
International Audience

Graphs and Algorithms International audience The strong chromatic index of a graph is the minimum number of colours needed to colour the edges in such a way that each colour class is an induced matching. In this paper, we present bounds for strong chromatic index of three different products of graphs in term of the strong chromatic index of each factor. For the cartesian product of paths, cycles or complete graphs, we derive sharper results. In particular, strong chromatic indices of d-dimensional grids and of some toroidal grids are given along with approximate results on the strong chromatic index of generalized hypercubes.

Plural StratiWcation: Colour-Class and Culture

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Colour Class ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Class Stratification ◽  
American Tradition ◽  
East Indians

Urbanization in Kingston since independence, as the previous chapter demonstrated, has placed a very heavy burden on the already disadvantaged lower class. This burden is expressed in their dependence on the informal sector of employment, high rates of unemployment, rental of high-density accommodation (or outright squatting), shared access to toilet facilities, and lack of piped-water connections in the tenements—all these problematic characteristics piling up in the downtown areas—quintessentially in West Kingston. There is clearly a stratification of living conditions ranging from affluence in the uptown suburbs via a modicum of comfort in the middle zone around Half Way Tree and Cross Roads to outright deprivation in the downtown neighbourhoods. It was argued in the previous chapter that this stratification of living conditions is underpinned by class-differentiated neighbourhoods; as this chapter will show, these circumstances mesh with—and reinforce—colour-class stratification and cultural pluralism, or what I have called plural stratification (to distinguish it from class stratification alone). After the Second World War, it became the conventional wisdom among Caribbean social scientists (of local birth) to depict Jamaica—and the Windward and Leeward Islands—as colour-class stratifications. This had the advantage of linking these Caribbean stratifications to occupational/class systems in the US and Europe, while pointing to a colonial history of colour differentiation, which shadowed class and reinforced it. So, the upper class was white or pass-as-white, the middle class brown and black, and the lower class black with some brown (Henriques 1953: 42). A number of racially or ethnically distinct groups originally fell outside this colour-class stratification, but had, over time, been accommodated within it: Jews were absorbed into the upper class, as were the Syrian professionals; Chinese, the remaining Syrians, and a few East Indians were middle class; the majority of East Indians were lower class. Two further aspects of colour-class need underlining. There was a tendency for its advocates to regard class as unproblematic and consensual, as in the American tradition of social analysis (Parsons 1952). In short, the whole colour-class system was dependent upon the almost complete acceptance by each group of the superiority of the white, and the inferiority of the black (Henriques 1953).

scholarly journals Ramsey Goodness of Bounded Degree Trees

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
IGOR BALLA ◽  
ALEXEY POKROVSKIY ◽  
BENNY SUDAKOV
Keyword(s):  
Chromatic Number ◽  
Complete Graph ◽  
Ramsey Number ◽  
Bounded Degree ◽  
Colour Class ◽  
Bounded Degree Trees

Given a pair of graphsGandH, the Ramsey numberR(G,H) is the smallestNsuch that every red–blue colouring of the edges of the complete graphKNcontains a red copy ofGor a blue copy ofH. If a graphGis connected, it is well known and easy to show thatR(G,H) ≥ (|G|−1)(χ(H)−1)+σ(H), where χ(H) is the chromatic number ofHand σ(H) is the size of the smallest colour class in a χ(H)-colouring ofH. A graphGis calledH-goodifR(G,H) = (|G|−1)(χ(H)−1)+σ(H). The notion of Ramsey goodness was introduced by Burr and Erdős in 1983 and has been extensively studied since then.In this paper we show that ifn≥ Ω(|H| log4|H|) then everyn-vertex bounded degree treeTisH-good. The dependency betweennand |H| is tight up to log factors. This substantially improves a result of Erdős, Faudree, Rousseau, and Schelp from 1985, who proved thatn-vertex bounded degree trees areH-good whenn≥ Ω(|H|4).

scholarly journals Packing Hamilton Cycles Online

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-495
Author(s):  
JOSEPH BRIGGS ◽  
ALAN FRIEZE ◽  
MICHAEL KRIVELEVICH ◽  
PO-SHEN LOH ◽  
BENNY SUDAKOV
Keyword(s):  
Random Graph ◽  
Minimum Degree ◽  
Hitting Time ◽  
Online Version ◽  
Hamilton Cycles ◽  
Fixed Integer ◽  
Edge Disjoint ◽  
Colour Class

It is known that w.h.p. the hitting time τ2σ for the random graph process to have minimum degree 2σ coincides with the hitting time for σ edge-disjoint Hamilton cycles [4, 9, 13]. In this paper we prove an online version of this property. We show that, for a fixed integer σ ⩾ 2, if random edges of Kn are presented one by one then w.h.p. it is possible to colour the edges online with σ colours so that at time τ2σ each colour class is Hamiltonian.

scholarly journals Equitable list vertex colourability and arboricity of grids

Filomat ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (18) ◽  
pp. 6353-6374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Drgas-Burchardt ◽  
Janusz Dybizbański ◽  
Hanna Furmańczyk ◽  
Elżbieta Sidorowicz
Keyword(s):  
General Graph ◽  
Acyclic Graph ◽  
Colour Class ◽  
Vertex Arboricity ◽  
General Graphs

A graph G is equitably k-list arborable if for any k-uniform list assignment L, there is an equitable L-colouring of G whose each colour class induces an acyclic graph. The smallest number k admitting such a coloring is named equitable list vertex arboricity and is denoted by ?=l (G). Zhang in 2016 posed the conjecture that if k ? ?(?(G) + 1)/2? then G is equitably k-list arborable. We give some new tools that are helpful in determining values of k for which a general graph is equitably k-list arborable. We use them to prove the Zhang?s conjecture for d-dimensional grids where d 2 {2,3,4} and give new bounds on ?=l (G) for general graphs and for d-dimensional grids with d ? 5.

Colour-Class and Race Segregation: The Spatial Dimension

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Colour Class ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Index Of Dissimilarity

It has already been shown that colour-class increasingly dissolved into class in the post-independence period in Kingston as the whites and the racial minorities left Jamaica, and the socially mobile blacks moved into middle-class and elite positions (Ch. 3). However, socio-economic neighbourhoods were still strongly set apart in 1991, and these distinctions were rooted in late-colonial residential patterns established on the Liguanea Plain (Chs. 1 and 2). This chapter is essentially a continuation of the previous one (Ch. 3), and builds on its findings. It concentrates on the spatial dimension of social processes by examining colour-class and race segregation—and desegregation—in the late-colonial and post-independence periods. Colour and race distributions are examined cartographically, and are supplemented by the index of dissimilarity, which measures the evenness/ unevenness of distribution of two categories or groups measured one against the other. The index of dissimilarity is also calculated for occupations, using them as a proxy for class, so that they may be compared to indices for race and colour. Finally, indices known as P* are calculated for colour, race, and occupational categories to measure a group’s comparative isolation, taking its size and the size of the group with which it is being compared into account. The spatial expression of the class structure of Kingston in 1960 and 1991 (to which the argument returns) provides the underpinning for the distribution of colour/racial categories at independence and since sovereignty (Figs. 1.8 and 2.6). The class mosaic was largely reflected in colour distributions in late-colonial times, and the location of the racial minorities was indicative of their degree of penetration of the creole colour-class hierarchy, and the level of their entrée. Likewise, changes in colour/racial distributions since independence may be used to examine the mobility into the elite and middle classes (and class areas) by the black and mixed populations, and to trace the social fortunes of the minorities, in the context of their demographic decline. The chapter begins with a discussion of changing colour and race distributions over the period 1943 to 1991, before examining the statistics for segregation. The white minority group in Kingston in 1943 was confined to the eastern, central, and northern suburbs and to some historic localities in the town centre, associated with business. The areas they occupied recorded at least median socio-economic status scores, and most of the heaviest concentrations were associated with areas of high rank.

scholarly journals Food Safety and Nutraceutical Potential of Caramel Colour Class IV Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Mateo-Fernández ◽  
Pilar Alves-Martínez ◽  
Mercedes Del Río-Celestino ◽  
Rafael Font ◽  
Tania Merinas-Amo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Leukaemia Cell Line ◽  
Colour Class ◽  
Class Iv

Nutraceutical activity of food is analysed to promote the healthy characteristics of diet where additives are highly used. Caramel is one of the most worldwide consumed additives and it is produced by heating natural carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the food safety and the possible nutraceutical potential of caramel colour class IV (CAR). For this purpose, in vivo toxicity/antitoxicity, genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity and longevity assays were performed using the Drosophila melanogaster model. In addition, cytotoxicity, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, single cell gel electrophoresis and methylation status assays were conducted in the in vitro HL-60 human leukaemia cell line. Our results reported that CAR was neither toxic nor genotoxic and showed antigenotoxic effects in Drosophila. Furthermore, CAR induced cytotoxicity and hipomethylated sat-α repetitive element using HL-60 cell line. In conclusion, the food safety of CAR was demonstrated, since Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) was not reached in toxicity assay and any of the tested concentrations induced mutation rates higher than that of the concurrent control in D. melanogaster. On the other hand, CAR protected DNA from oxidative stress provided by hydrogen peroxide in Drosophila. Moreover, CAR showed chemopreventive activity and modified the methylation status of HL-60 cell line. Nevertheless, much more information about the mechanisms of gene therapies related to epigenetic modulation by food is necessary.

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