scholarly journals Potato spindle tuber viroid

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
A. V. Kochetov ◽  
A. Y. Pronozin ◽  
N. V. Shatskaya ◽  
D. A. Afonnikov ◽  
O. S. Afanasenko
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
Pathological Effect ◽  
Genomic Rnas ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Cellular Mrnas ◽  
Interesting Class ◽  
Acid Pathway

Viroids belong to a very interesting class of molecules attracting researchers in phytopathology and molecular evolution. Here we review recent literature data concerning the genetics of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and the mechanisms related to its pathological effect on the host plants. PSTVd can be transmitted vertically through microspores and macrospores, but not with pollen from another infected plant. The 359 nucleotidelong genomic RNA of PSTVd is highly structured and its 3D-conformation is responsible for interaction with host cellular factors to mediate replication, transport between tissues during systemic infection and the severity of pathological symptoms. RNA replication is prone to errors and infected plants contain a population of mutated forms of the PSTVd genome. Interestingly, at 7 DAI, only 25 % of the newly synthesized RNAs were identical to the master copy, but this proportion increased to up to 70 % at 14 DAI and remained the same afterwards. PSTVd infection induces the immune response in host plants. There are PSTVd strains with a severe, a moderate or a mild pathological effect. Interestingly, viroid replication itself does not necessarily induce strong morphological or physiological symptoms. In the case of PSTVd, disease symptoms may occur due to RNA-interference, which decreases the expression levels of some important cellular regulatory factors, such as, for example, potato StTCP23 from the gibberellic acid pathway with a role in tuber morphogenesis or tomato FRIGIDA-like protein 3 with an early flowering phenotype. This association between the small segments of viroid genomic RNAs complementary to the untranslated regions of cellular mRNAs and disease symptoms provides a way for new resistant cultivars to be developed by genetic editing. To conclude, viroids provide a unique model to reveal the fundamental features of living systems, which appeared early in evolution and still remain undiscovered.

scholarly journals Co-inoculation with two non-infectious cDNA copies of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) leads to the appearance of novel fully infectious variants.

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Podstolski ◽  
Anna Góra-Sochacka ◽  
Włodzimierz Zagórski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Movement ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Infectious Clones ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
Test Plants

Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is one of the smallest (about 360 nt) infectious plant agents. It is composed of a single-stranded circular non-coding RNA molecule. In the course of previous passage experiments with two intermediate PSTVd variants I2 and I4, three non-infectious clones (I2-50, I4-37 and I4 VI-17) were found. When inoculated separately as cDNAs on tomato "Rutgers" test plants these variants did not induce any visible disease symptoms and did not produce progeny. The presence of such non-infectious variants raises several questions about their origin and biology and to answer them, mixed co-infections with cDNA copies of two non-infectious variants (I2-50, I4-37) were performed. PSTVd infection was observed in seven out of 30 inoculated plants. The progeny isolated from three separate plants contained novel variants, together with the parental I2 and I4 sequences. It is conceivable that the appearance of repaired PSTVd molecules, clearly capable of cell-to-cell movement leading to the systemic infection, results from recombination events. An analysis of the recombinant molecules and comparison with databases identified the specific sites responsible for the restricted infectivity of the I2-50 and I4-37 PSTVd variants. In parallel experiments in which (+) strand PSTVd infectious transcripts were used, no recombinants were observed, and the original I2-50 and I4-37 non-infectious sequences were not detected in the progeny.

Puccinia tulipae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. Ya. Tykhonenko
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia tulipae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of Tulipa species only. HOSTS: Tulipa alberti, T. biflora, T. graniticola, T. ingens, T. kolpakovskiana, T. lanata, T. micheliana, T. ostrovskiana, T. praestans, T. schrenkii (Liliaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. EUROPE: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Russia (Astrakhan, Rostov), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in bulbs of the infected plant.

scholarly journals Detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid by PCR

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
P. Ryšánek ◽  
M. Zouhar ◽  
M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The World ◽  
Infected Plant Material ◽  
Sensitive Method

Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) is widespread in peach all over the world. It has never been reported from the Czech Republic. That is why we adapted specific and sensitive method for its detection, PCR, to be able to prove its possible occurrence and for certification purposes. Primers PLMVdR, PLMVdF1 and PLMVdF2 were designed on the basis of published RNA sequences. Products of amplification are 208 and 114 bp long for PLMVdF1 and PLMVdF2, respectively. Four PLMVd isolates from Dr Di Serio (CNR Bari) were used as standards. Potato spindle tuber viroid and Hop latent viroid infected plant material and also healthy material were used to check detection specifity. Both RNA extraction from plant material and PCR were optimalized so that this method of PLMVd detection can also be used for certification purposes.

ADDITIONAL HOST PLANTS OF CLOVER PHYLLODY IN CANADA

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. CHIYKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Source Plant ◽  
Aster Leafhopper ◽  
Clover Phyllody

Symptoms were observed on 35 out of 74 plant species, in 15 families inoculated with clover phyllody by the aster leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal)). Symptomatology for some of the hosts is described and illustrated. There were differences in numbers of plants infected, length of time for symptom development, and numbers of insects surviving on the various species of plants, but these were not correlated. Although the clover phyllody agent was transmitted to asters from 17 of 19 infected plant species the number of leafhoppers that became inoculative varied considerably depending on the source plant species.

scholarly journals Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) Promotes Plant Tolerance to Drought

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2875
Author(s):  
Moshik Shteinberg ◽  
Ritesh Mishra ◽  
Ghandi Anfoka ◽  
Miassar Altaleb ◽  
Yariv Brotman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus

A growing body of research points to a positive interplay between viruses and plants. Tomato yellow curl virus (TYLCV) is able to protect tomato host plants against extreme drought. To envisage the use of virus protective capacity in agriculture, TYLCV-resistant tomato lines have to be infected first with the virus before planting. Such virus-resistant tomato plants contain virus amounts that do not cause disease symptoms, growth inhibition, or yield loss, but are sufficient to modify the metabolism of the plant, resulting in improved tolerance to drought. This phenomenon is based on the TYLCV-dependent stabilization of amounts of key osmoprotectants induced by drought (soluble sugars, amino acids, and proteins). Although in infected TYLCV-susceptible tomatoes, stress markers also show an enhanced stability, in infected TYLCV-resistant plants, water balance and osmolyte homeostasis reach particularly high levels. These tomato plants survive long periods of time during water withholding. However, after recovery to normal irrigation, they produce fruits which are not exposed to drought, similarly to the control plants. Using these features, it might be possible to cultivate TYLCV-resistant plants during seasons characterized by water scarcity.

scholarly journals Occurrence of a Severe Strain of Lisianthus necrosis virus in Imported Carnation Seedlings in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Chen ◽  
H. T. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Local Lesion ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽  
Disease Symptoms

In the 1995 to 1996 season, severe viral disease symptoms were observed on carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus [hybrid Kooij Echo kgr]) propagated from imported seedlings on farms in central Taiwan. Disease symptoms began on upper leaves as numerous yellow spots that enlarged and fused into large chlorotic patches and expanded to cover entire leaves, which eventually became necrotic. Electron microscopy of crude extracts, purified preparations, and ultrathin sections of diseased tissues revealed the presence of isometric particles ≈32 to 33 nm in diameter. Earlier, in the 1994 to 1995 season, a strain of Lisianthus necrosis virus (LNV-L) was identified in lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum (Don.) Griseb) in a nearby nursery propagating seedlings (1). Both the lisianthus and carnations were imported from Europe. Chlorotic leaves from carnations reacted strongly with antiserum prepared against LNV-L in tissue blot immunoassay. Extracts of diseased leaves also reacted positively to LNV-L antiserum in both immunodiffusion and doubleantibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) tests. Mouse monoclonal antibodies prepared against LNV-L reacted positively based on indirect ELISA with extracts of chlorotic carnation leaves. The capsid protein of the carnation virus (LNV-D) was ≈38 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, similar to the LNV-L coat protein (1), and reacted with LNV-L antiserum in western blot analysis. LNV-D differs biologically from LNV-Japan and LNV-L isolates previously reported in Japan and Taiwan, respectively (1,2). In experiments, LNV-D has induced systemic infection in many hosts that are either nonhosts or local-lesion hosts for LNV-Japan or LNV-L. D. caryophyllus L. and D. chinensis L. are susceptible to systemic invasion by LNV-D but are nonhosts for LNV-Japan and LNV-L. D. barbatus L. is a systemic host for LNV-D but a nonhost for LNV-L and has not been tested as a host for LNV-Japan. Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyn. and C. quinoa Willd. are systemic hosts for LNV-D but are local-lesion hosts for both LNV-Japan and LNV-L. Capsicum annuum L. is a systemic host for LNV-D and LNV-L but is not susceptible to LNV-Japan. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. is a systemic host for LNV-D, a local-lesion host for LNV-L, and a nonhost for LNV-Japan. All three isolates systemically infect E. russellianum, the only systemic host for all three isolates tested. The first reports of LNV in Japan and later in Taiwan were in lisianthus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of LNV in imported carnation seedlings in Taiwan. LNV infection in Taiwan was only noticed once in lisianthus (1994 to 1995 season) and once in carnation (1995 to 1996 season) in farms propagating imported seedlings. LNV is transmitted by Olpidium sp. (2). Olpidium-like structures were not observed in Taiwan in rootlets of diseased carnation and lisianthus nor were they isolated from soil around diseased plants. Surveys of LNV in the nurseries and nearby areas in subsequent years have not found a new case of infection. We believe that LNV disease is not endemic in Taiwan and that its occurrence in lisianthus and carnation are one-time incidents caused by the importation of infected seedlings or contaminated culture matrices associated with the seedlings. References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 84:506, 2000. (2) M. Iwaki et al. Phytopathology 77:867, 1987.

scholarly journals The Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Genome is Differentially Targeted in TSWV-Infected Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with or without Sw-5 Gene

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 363
Author(s):  
Cristian Olaya ◽  
Stephen J. Fletcher ◽  
Ying Zhai ◽  
Jonathan Peters ◽  
Paolo Margaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Genomic Rnas ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mock Control ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tospoviruses cause significant losses to a wide range of agronomic and horticultural crops worldwide. The type member, Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), causes systemic infection in susceptible tomato cultivars, whereas its infection is localized in cultivars carrying the Sw-5 resistance gene. The response to TSWV infection in tomato cultivars with or without Sw-5 was determined at the virus small RNA level in the locally infected leaf. Predicted reads were aligned to TSWV reference sequences. The TSWV genome was found to be differentially processed among each of the three-viral genomic RNAs—Large (L), Medium (M) and Small (S)—in the Sw-5(+) compared to Sw-5(−) genotypes. In the Sw-5(+) cultivar, the L RNA had the highest number of viral small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs), whereas in the Sw-5(−) cultivar the number was higher in the S RNA. Among the three-viral genomic RNAs, the distribution of hotspots showed a higher number of reads per million reads of vsiRNAs of 21 and 22 nt class at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the L and the S RNAs, with less coverage in the M RNA. In the Sw-5(−) cultivar, the nature of the 5′ nucleotide-end in the siRNAs varied significantly; reads with 5′-adenine-end were most abundant in the mock control, whereas cytosine and uracil were more abundant in the infected plants. No such differences were seen in case of the resistant genotype. Findings provided insights into the response of tomato cultivars to TSWV infection.

Puccinia prostii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. Ya. Tykhonenko
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Former Yugoslavia

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia prostii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of Tulipa species only. HOSTS: Tulipa australis, T. biebersteiniana, T. florenskyi, T. julia, T. quercetorum, T. schmidtii, T. sylvestris, T. wilsoniana (Liliaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: [North Africa]. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Pakistan, Palestine. EUROPE: France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Romania, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in bulbs of the infected plant.

Puccinia pachyderma. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. Ya. Tykhonenko
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia pachyderma. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of Gagea species only. HOSTS: Gagea bulbifera, G. chlorantha, G. gageoides, G. maeotica, G. olgae, G. pusilla (Liliaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan. EUROPE: Russia (Rostov, Samara, Saratov, Voronezh), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; teliospores are presumably dispersed by air currents and then germinate to produce basidia with basidiospores, which re-infect the host plants; the fungus might also survive in bulbs of the infected plant.

Puccinia falcariae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. Ya. Tykhonenko
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Falcaria Vulgaris ◽  
Stavropol Krai

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia falcariae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Rust of Falcaria species only. HOSTS: Falcaria vulgaris (Umbelliferae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: [North Africa]. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia (Altai krai), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Bashkir Republic, Krasnodar krai, Kursk, Orenburg, Rostov, Samara, Saratov, Stavropol krai, Tatar Republic, Voronezh), Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: The fungus survives in rhizomes of the infected plant and the next spring spreads up causing systemic infection of the new season's leaves and stems; aeciospores are disseminated by air currents; teliospores are rare and their role in disease transmission is unknown.

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