scholarly journals Сontrolled breeding of the psychrophilic strain G-034 VIZR of Trichoderma asperellum for fast crop residues’ polymers utilization and soil enhancement

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. I. Novikova ◽  
J. A. Titova ◽  
I. V. Boykova ◽  
I. L. Krasnobaeva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Linear Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Soil Enhancement

Genus Trichoderma strains as the natural plant residues’ biodestructors, highly active antagonists of soil phytopathogens and phytoregulators with the widest range of optimum conditions for their development, are widely used in biologics development. Of particular importance in Russia’s northern regions, especially in winter crop cultivation, is the ability of a microorganism’s strain used in agro-technologies to maintain viability and target biological activity at low temperatures. In this connection, this work purpose is to select a psychrotolerant strain of T. asperellum for the rapid crop residues’ polymer utilization and soil enhancement at low temperature, as well as to evaluate its activity under laboratory and field conditions. In the work process, the following tasks were addressed: selecting psychrotolerant strains of T. asperellum with high cellulolytic activity; further controlled breeding of psychrophilic strains capable of rapid growth, active colonization of plant substrates and high sporulation at 4–8 °C; evaluating the target activity of the selected psychrophilic strain as a cellulolytic as well as antagonistic activity against cereal pathogens; obtaining laboratory samples of bioformulations by deep-surface cultivation on non-sterile peat and multirecycled wastes from the edible mushrooms production and assessing their efficacy in field small-plot trials. The methods for inoculum cultivation, sporulation capacity determination, modified wet chamber, estimating antagonistic activity and biologics’ quality, field small-plot trials management, quantitative estimates of biomass losses, cellulose and lignin content were used in the work. The active psychrophilic strain for the rapid crop residues’ polymer utilization and soil enhancement controlled breeding was selected during a four-step screening of 29 T. asperellum strains from All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) State Microorganisms’ Collection with high cellulolytic and antagonistic activities. In terms of linear growth rate, antagonistic and hyperparasitic activities at 4–8 °С, a high rate of wheat and maize stubble residues’ colonization, a perspective psychrophilic strain G-034 of T. asperellum was selected for developing the laboratory samples of biologics and for running field trials. In small-plot trials, the active maize crop residues’ decomposition under the T. asperellum G-034 influence was revealed, resulting in the complete loss of plant intact state in 12 months due to more than 80 % cellulose and 20 % lignin biodestruction. The maximum loss of maize crop residues biomass for 12 months was more than 70 %. The T. asperellum strain G-034 was active after field hibernation in an amount of ×104 cfu/g, resulting in a titer increase with seasonal temperature rising and the trophic base bioavailability growth.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Residues on the Composition of Weed Communities

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Vaida Steponavičienė ◽  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities

The composition of weed communities in agricultural crops is dependent on soil properties and the applied agronomic practices. The current study determined the effect of different tillage systems and crop residue on the soil weed community composition. The research programme encompassed 2013–2015 in a long-term field experiment located in the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. The soil type in the experimental field was qualified as Endocalcaric Stagnosol (Aric, Drainic, Ruptic, Amphisiltic). Weeds were categorised into communities according to soil pH, nitrogen and moisture indicators. The results of investigations were grouped using cluster analysis. Agricultural crops were dominated by different weed species depending on the soil pH and moisture. Weed species were relatively more frequent indicating nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, an increase in the abundance of weed species indicating moderate acidity and low acidity, moderately wet and wet, nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils was observed. The application of plant residues decreased the weed species abundance. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, the quantitative distribution of weed was often uneven. By evaluating the association of weed communities with groups of different tillage systems with or without plant residues, their control can be optimised.

Suitability of Wild Host Plants and Firewood as Hosts of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Mozambique

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1705-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo L Muatinte ◽  
Johnnie Van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Prostephanus Truncatus ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
Brachystegia Spiciformis

Abstract Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) populations are maintained in wild host plants such as trees that act as pest reservoirs from where beetle infestation of maize granaries take place. In this study, we assessed the suitability of plant species sold and transported as firewood as well as other plant species in Mozambique as hosts for P. truncatus. Prostephanus truncatus was only recorded from three tree species, which are sold as firewood, i.e., Brachystegia spiciformis, Strychnos spinosa, and Colophospermum mopane. The pest survived and bred in 13 tree and 7 grass species. Dry wood of several tree species and the grasses Acroceras macrum and Hyparrhenia hirta were suitable hosts for pest development. Sale and transport of certain firewood species may be an important driver of the spread of this pest. The importance of dry maize stalks and several grass species in sustaining pest populations is described for the first time. Several grass species are used as thatch or fencing material and, together with maize crop residues close to small-scale granaries, may provide significant sources of beetle infestation.

scholarly journals From laboratory to the field: biological control of Fusarium graminearum on infected maize crop residues

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 680-694
Author(s):  
A. Gimeno ◽  
A. Kägi ◽  
D. Drakopoulos ◽  
I. Bänziger ◽  
E. Lehmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Maize Crop

scholarly journals Cycle of biomass and elements of plant nutrition in soybean crops depending on various preceding crops and primary tillage

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
S. P. Tanchyk ◽  
◽  
D.V. Litvinov ◽  
V.V. Sinchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Primary Tillage

The article analyzes the main laws of the biological cycle of soybean plant biomass, and the parameters of recirculation of nutrients depending on the method and depth of the primary tillage and various preceding crops. It was found that the share of biomass alienated from the field with soybean harvest, depending on the various preceding crops and the primary tillage varied from 31,6 to 32,8 %, which in absolute terms ranged from 1,93 to 3,25 t/ha, and received to the soil with plant residues: from 3,97 to 6,67 t/ha or from 67,2 to 68,4 %. The largest amount of nutrients from 310,2 to 420,5 kg/ha of NPK is involved in soybean crops placed after cereals (winter wheat and spring barley) in the variant of cultivated without soil tillage by 20-22 cm (chisel-deep-tiller), and the lowest after corn for grain from 251,1 to 302,9 kg / ha NPK obtained in the variant during plowing by 20-22 cm. The largest share in the total amount of nutrients in soybean biomass belongs to nitrogen from 61,6 to 65,3 %, the share of phosphorus varies from 12,4 to 14,4 %, and potassium from 20,3 to 25,7 %. The amount of nutrients returned to the soil with plant residues, in relation to their content in the biomass ranges from 41.7 to 55.4% nitrogen, 11,1-14,7 phosphorus and 30,0-46,9 % potassium. It was found that the largest amount of nitrogen enters the soil with crop residues in the variant of soybean placement after soybean and main tillage (disc harrow) by 12-14 cm – 55,4 %. The share of phosphorus was 14,7 %, potassium – 29,8 %. When growing soybeans after cereals, corn for grain and sunflower, the intake of nitrogen in the soil with plant residues was 41,7-42,8 %, phosphorus 11,1-11,2 %, potassium 45,8-46,9 %. The lowest percentage of nitrogen removal - 69.5-69.6% was for the placement of soybeans after soybeans. Although for the removal of phosphorus (14,3%) and potassium – (16,1%) the option of placing soybeans after cereals, corn and sunflower prevailed, where these indicators were respectively (13,0-13,1 %) and (14,5- 14,7 %).

scholarly journals Allelopathic influence of maize crop residues on the development of maize and bean plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Marin ◽  
Claudia Tatiana Araujo da Cruz-Silva ◽  
Edimar Paulo Gonçalvez ◽  
Clair Aparecida Viecelli
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Bean Plants

scholarly journals Production and Decomposition of Cover Crop Residues and Associations With Soil Organic Fractions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
José Carlos Mazetto Júnior ◽  
José Luiz Rodrigues Torres ◽  
Danyllo Denner de Almeida Costa ◽  
Venâncio Rodrigues e Silva ◽  
Zigomar Menezes de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Sunn Hemp

The decomposition of plant residues, the changes in the total organic carbon (TOC) and the fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) occur differently in irrigated areas. The objective of this study was to quantify the biomass production, the decomposition of cover crops residues and relate them with the changes n the content and fractions of SOM in an irrigated area of vegetable crops. Six types of cover crop treatments were evaluated: brachiaria (B); sunn hemp (S); millet (M); B + S; B + M; S + M, plus an additional treatment (native area), with 4 repetitions. The production of fresh (FB) and dry biomass (DB), the rate of plant residue decomposition, TOC, SOM fractions and the coefficient of SOM (QSOM) were quantified. It was observed that the greatest and the lowest volume of crop residues were from the B and S cover crop, respectively. The cover crops in monoculture presented great decomposition rates and short half-life when compared to mixtures of cover crop. The TOC and QSOM were great in the 0 to 0.05 m soil layer, and in the M + S cover crop mixture, when compared to the 0.05 to 0.1 m soil layer and to other cover crops. Among the SOM fractions, the humin predominated in the most superficial soil layer (0 to 0.05 m).

scholarly journals Operational effects of implements on crop residues in soil tillage operations

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hůla ◽  
R. Šindelář ◽  
P. Kovaříček
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coverage ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Maize Residues ◽  
Control Technologies

After spring barley harvest the operational effects of tillers and seed drill on spring barley residues were evaluated in two variants of cultural operations. Generally low values of soil surface coverage by crop residues after cultural operations were performed document that soil tillage and sowing did not comply with the criteria for conservation technologies – the coverage of soil surface by crop residues was lower by 30% after all cultural operations. After silage maize harvest we determined the weight of maize crop residues and coverage of soil surface by these residues after shallow tillage by a disk tiller when nine variants of the operating mode of the tiller were used. Obviously, the change in the operating mode of the tiller was able to influence the coverage of soil surface by maize residues. The evaluation of the operational effects of disc tiller on crop residues indicated some restraints of the use of this group of implements for conservation (erosion-control) technologies of soil tillage.

scholarly journals Investigation of maize cobs crushing: Preparation for use as a fuel

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Martinov ◽  
Branislav Veselinov ◽  
Savo Bojic ◽  
Djordje Djatkov
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Crushed Material ◽  
Small Wood ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
Maize Cobs

Maize crop residues have great significance, particularly in developing countries, where the harvest of maize ears and their natural drying is widely applied. After drying and grain threshing, maize cobs are available for energetic use on farmers? yards. Shortcomings for their energetic utilization by combustion, in comparison with wood, are higher contents of potassium, chlorine and nitrogen, and lower ash softening point. Tests in small wood chip boilers showed that the size of maize cobs should be reduced in order to facilitate better combustion and feeding with commonly used screw conveyors. Desirable length of particles should be 1-1.5 of their diameter. Within the framework of the Eureka project, a low-cost maize cobs crusher was developed and tested. It consists of a drum with six rows of knives, stationary comb-like knives and a screen situated below the drum. The test resulted with working parameters that enable appropriate size reduction. Analyses of crushed material showed that over 80% of particles were in the range of 3.15-45 mm, less than 1% smaller than 1 mm, and less than 1% larger than 63 mm. This granulation is comparable with size class P45 for wood chips in accordance with standard DIN CEN/TS 14961. Further investigations should focus on improving the combustion facilities, in order to avoid formation of ash slag, and keeping exhaust gas characteristics within values defined by legislation.

scholarly journals Trichoderma Biological Control to Protect Sensitive Maize Hybrids Against Late Wilt Disease in the Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Ofir Degani ◽  
Shlomit Dor
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Late wilt, a disease severely affecting maize fields throughout Israel, is characterized by the relatively rapid wilting of maize plants from the tasseling stage to maturity. The disease is caused by the fungus Magnaporthiopsis maydis, a soil and seed-borne pathogen. The pathogen is controlled traditionally through the use of maize cultivars having reduced sensitivity to the disease. Nevertheless, such cultivars may lose their immunity after several years of intensive growth due to the presence of high virulent isolates of M. maydis. Alternative effective and economical chemical treatment to the disease was recently established but is dependent on the use of a dripline assigned for two adjacent rows and exposes the risk of fungicide resistance. In the current work, eight marine and soil isolates of Trichoderma spp., known for high mycoparasitic potential, were tested as biocontrol agents against M. maydis. An in vitro confront plate assay revealed strong antagonistic activity against the pathogen of two T. longibrachiatum isolates and of T. asperelloides. These species produce soluble metabolites that can inhibit or kill the maize pathogen in submerged and solid media culture growth assays. In greenhouse experiments accompanied by real-time PCR tracking of the pathogen, the Trichoderma species or their metabolites managed to improve the seedlings’ wet biomass and reduced the pathogen DNA in the maize roots. A follow-up experiment carried out through a whole growth session, under field conditions, provided important support to the Trichoderma species’ beneficial impact. The direct addition of T. longibrachiatum and even more T. asperelloides to the seeds, with the sowing, resulted in a yield improvement, a significant increase in the growth parameters and crops, to the degree of noninfected plants. These bioprotective treatments also restricted the pathogen DNA in the host tissues (up to 98%) and prevented the disease symptoms. The results encourage more in-depth research to uncover such biological agents’ potential and the methods to implement them in commercial fields. If adequately developed into final products and combined with other control methods, the biological control could play an important role in maize crop protection against Late wilt.

Nitrogenous gas production in the soil air as affected by different N fertiliser forms and water supplies in model experiments

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Debreczeni ◽  
K. Berecz ◽  
K. Fischl ◽  
Z. Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Soil Air ◽  
Model Experiments ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Test Plants

large-pot model experiments were conducted with maize under greenhouse conditions with the aim of studying the effect of different N fertiliser forms, water supplies and crop residues on the nitrogenous gas production in the rooting zone. Nitrogen fertiliser was applied in the form of KNO3 or NH4Cl. The experiment was done at two soil moisture levels, with or without the incorporation of maize crop residues into the soil, and with or without test plants. Gas traps were placed in the pots at a soil depth of 20 cm. During the growing season, the trapped soil air was analysed for NOx, N2O and N2. Practically the same N amounts evolved in the soil air with both chemical forms of N fertiliser at both soil moisture levels. expressed as a percentage of fertiliser N, the total amount of gaseous N evolved averaged 12.8% and 12.9% in the planted, and 23.8% and 24.3% in the unplanted pots with KNO3 and NH4Cl fertiliser, respectively. Higher soil moisture and the incorporation of crop residues resulted in higher NOx-N and N2O-N ratios within the total gaseous N evolved in the rooting zone.

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