The role of adipose tissue as endocrine organ in the metabolic programming of fetuses derived from obese mothers

Gineco eu ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-189
Author(s):  
Comandasu D.
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Programming ◽  
Endocrine Organ

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Woo Lee ◽  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Kyoung-Jin Oh
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Exosomal Mirna

Obesity is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is closely related to metabolic disturbances in the adipose tissue that primarily functions as a fat reservoir. For this reason, adipose tissue is considered as the primary site for initiation and aggravation of obesity and T2DM. As a key endocrine organ, the adipose tissue communicates with other organs, such as the brain, liver, muscle, and pancreas, for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Two different types of adipose tissues—the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)—secrete bioactive peptides and proteins, known as “adipokines” and “batokines,” respectively. Some of them have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, while others have harmful inflammatory effects. Recently, “exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)” were identified as novel adipokines, as adipose tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs can affect other organs. In the present review, we discuss the role of adipose-derived secretory factors—adipokines, batokines, and exosomal miRNA—in obesity and T2DM. It will provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disturbances of adipose-derived factors and will support the development of adipose-derived factors as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM.

Adiponectin in heart failure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Mado ◽  
Wioletta Szczurek ◽  
Mariusz Gąsior ◽  
Bożena Szyguła-Jurkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Adiponectin Level ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Heart Failure Progression ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

The adipose tissue, apart from storing energy, plays a role of an endocrine organ. One of the most important adipokines secreted by adipose tissue is adiponectin, which is also produced by cardiomyocytes and connective tissue cells within the heart. Adiponectin is known for its beneficial effect on the metabolism and cardiovascular system and its low level is a factor of development of many cardiovascular diseases. Paradoxically, in the course of heart failure, adiponectin level gradually increases with the severity of the disease and higher adiponectin level is a factor of poor prognosis. As a result, there is a growing interest in adiponectin as a marker of heart failure progression and a predictor of prognosis in the course of this disease.

The Role of Inflammation in Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Heart Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenek Matloch ◽  
Anna Cinkajzlova ◽  
Milos Mraz ◽  
Martin Haluzik
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Epicardial Adipose Tissue ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Epicardial Fat ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depot ◽  
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities

Epicardial adipose tissue is not only a specific adipose tissue depot but also an active endocrine organ producing numerous substances with an important role in the development of obesity-related heart diseases. It is located between myocardium and visceral pericardium and consists predominantly of adipocytes, immunocompetent cells, ganglia and interconnecting nerve branches. Several studies documented a positive correlation between pericardial and epicardial fat and left ventricular hypertrophy and septal thickening, leading to diastolic dysfunction, electrocardiographic abnormalities and facilitating cardiac failure. The cellular cross-talks between epicardial fat and myocardium may include both the vasocrine and the paracrine mechanisms. Adipokines secreted from epicardial adipose tissue, vascular and stromal cells diffuse into interstitial fluid crossing the adventitia, media and intima and modulate cardiac function and cardiomyocyte phenotype and survival. In this article, we review the significance of epicardial adipose tissue and its association with cardiovascular diseases, cellular interactions between epicardial fat and myocardium, secretions of adipokines and inflammatory mediators and a potential of epicardial fat as a therapeutic target for the prevention of obesity-related heart diseases.

scholarly journals Minireview: The Adipocyte—At the Crossroads of Energy Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis

Endocrinology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 144 (9) ◽  
pp. 3765-3773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Rajala ◽  
Philipp E. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Pharmacological Characterization ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Caloric Excess

Abstract Adipose tissue evolved to efficiently store energy for times of caloric restriction. The large caloric excess common in many Western diets has negated the need for this thrifty function, leaving adipose tissue ill-equipped to handle this increased load. An excess of adipose tissue increases risk for a number of conditions including coronary artery disease, hypertension, dyslipidemias, type 2 diabetes, and even cancer. Indeed, the ability of the adipocyte to function properly when engorged with lipid can lead to lipid accumulation in other tissues, reducing their ability to function and respond normally. The role of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ capable of secreting a number of adipose tissue-specific or enriched hormones, known as adipokines, is gaining appreciation. The normal balance of these adipose tissue secretory proteins is perturbed in obesity. Paradoxically, the lack of normal adipose tissue, as seen in cases of lipodystrophy and lipoatrophy, is also associated with pathologic sequelae similar to what is seen with obesity. The pathologic findings associated with lack of adipose tissue, largely due to inability to properly store lipids, may also be due to a lack of adipokines. In this review, we highlight the role of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ focusing on some of the recent advances in the identification and pharmacological characterization of adipokines as well as their regulation in the context of obesity and insulin-resistant states.

scholarly journals Role of adipokines in cardiovascular disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. T17-T36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harman S Mattu ◽  
Harpal S Randeva
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
New Research ◽  
Chemical Messengers

The discovery of leptin in 1994 sparked dramatic new interest in the study of white adipose tissue. It is now recognised to be a metabolically active endocrine organ, producing important chemical messengers – adipokines and cytokines (adipocytokines). The search for new adipocytokines or adipokines gained added fervour with the prospect of the reconciliation between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity and metabolic syndrome. The role these new chemical messengers play in inflammation, satiety, metabolism and cardiac function has paved the way for new research and theories examining the effects they have on (in this case) CVD. Adipokines are involved in a ‘good–bad’, yin–yang homoeostatic balance whereby there are substantial benefits: cardioprotection, promoting endothelial function, angiogenesis and reducing hypertension, atherosclerosis and inflammation. The flip side may show contrasting, detrimental effects in aggravating these cardiac parameters.

scholarly journals Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Attenuates Obesity and Adipose Tissue Remodeling in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6 Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Seok Hee Seo ◽  
Feng Fang ◽  
Inhae Kang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Ginger Powder ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Adipose Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1

Obesity is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue, which is an active endocrine organ regulating energy metabolism. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiobesity effects, but the role of ginger in modulating adipocyte metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that ginger supplementation inhibits high-fat (HF)-diet-mediated obesity. C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to three diets for 7 weeks: low fat (LF, 16% kcal from fat), HF (HF, 60% kcal from fat), or HF with 5% ginger powder in diet (HF + G). The HF diet increased body weight (BW) and BW gain, as well as fasting glucose, total cholesterol, and hepatic lipid levels, compared to the LF diet-fed group. Ginger supplementation significantly improved HF-diet-induced BW gain, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hepatic steatosis without altering food intake. Next, we investigated whether ginger modulates adipocyte remodeling. HF-mediated adipocyte hypertrophy with increased lipogenic levels was significantly improved by ginger supplementation. Furthermore, the HF+G group showed high levels of the fatty-acid oxidation gene, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which was accompanied by a reduction in adipocyte inflammatory gene expression. Taken together, our work demonstrated that ginger supplementation attenuated HF-diet-mediated obesity and adipocyte remodeling in C57BL/6 mice.

scholarly journals Adipose-Derived Exosomes as Possible Players in the Development of Insulin Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7427
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Żbikowski ◽  
Agnieszka Błachnio-Zabielska ◽  
Mauro Galli ◽  
Piotr Zabielski
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Actual Knowledge ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ involved in the management of energy metabolism via secretion of adipokines, hormones, and recently described secretory microvesicles, i.e., exosomes. Exosomes are rich in possible biologically active factors such as proteins, lipids, and RNA. The secretory function of adipose tissue is affected by pathological processes. One of the most important of these is obesity, which triggers adipose tissue inflammation and adversely affects the release of beneficial adipokines. Both processes may lead to further AT dysfunction, contributing to changes in whole-body metabolism and, subsequently, to insulin resistance. According to recent data, changes within the production, release, and content of exosomes produced by AT may be essential to understand the role of adipose tissue in the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize actual knowledge about the possible role of AT-derived exosomes in the development of insulin resistance, highlighting methodological challenges and potential gains resulting from exosome studies.

scholarly journals Adipokines and Inflammation: Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Feijóo-Bandín ◽  
Alana Aragón-Herrera ◽  
Sandra Moraña-Fernández ◽  
Laura Anido-Varela ◽  
Estefanía Tarazón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Adipose Tissue Dysfunction ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Regulatory Functions

It is well established that adipose tissue, apart from its energy storage function, acts as an endocrine organ that produces and secretes a number of bioactive substances, including hormones commonly known as adipokines. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to a low grade of inflammation and the excessive fat accumulation produced in this state. The adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity leads to an aberrant release of adipokines, some of them with direct cardiovascular and inflammatory regulatory functions. Inflammation is a common link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, so this review will summarise the role of the main adipokines implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory processes occurring under the scenario of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals The Endocrine Role of Adipose Tissue and Its Management of Obesity-Related Diseases.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Hydroxyl Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Acid Esters

Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy. Moreover, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and produces numerous bioactive factors called adipokines which communicate with other organs and modulate a range of metabolic pathways: proteins (adiponectin, angiopoietins, chemerin, etc.), lipids (fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids, lysophosphatidic acids and sphingolipids), metabolites (uric acid and uridine) and microRNAs. However, excessive adipose tissue is associated with a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, caused by unbalanced production or secretion of these adipokines and can contribute to the development of obesity [1].

scholarly journals Metabolic role of visceral adipose tissue and main methods of its diagnosis at the present stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Fadieienko ◽  
Ya.V. Nikiforova
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltration ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Active Substances

A review of the literature on the metabolic role of visceral adipose tissue and the main methods for its diagnosis is presented. Visceral adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ what secretes a number of biologically active substances. With an increase in the proportion of visceral adipose tissue, moderate inflammation is observed with a chronic systemic increase in the activity of adipokines. Adipokines carry out several immune or metabolic functions associated with inflammatory infiltration. Active substances such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, etc., the source of which is visceral adipose tissue, have peripheral, central and local effects on the metabolism of glucose and lipids, glycolysis processes in the liver, etc. It is the activity of visceral adipose tissue that should be considered among the main pathophysiological development factors obesity and its potential metabolic cardiovascular and/or liver complications.

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