scholarly journals Evaluation of pharmaceutical concerns in Germany: frequency and potential reasons. [online supplementary material]

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 786 suppl
Author(s):  
Gabriele Gradl ◽  
Eva-Maria Krieg ◽  
Martin Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Online Supplementary Material ◽  
Supplementary Material

Cement plug technique for the management of disc-associated cervical spondylopathy in 52 Dobermann Pinscher dogs

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Pink ◽  
Toby Gemmill ◽  
Malcolm McKee
Keyword(s):  
Bone Cement ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Adjacent Segment ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Cervical Spondylopathy ◽  
Online Supplementary Material ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Neurologically Normal ◽  
Cement Plug

SummaryObjectives: To report the radiographic and clinical outcome of an intervertebral bone cement plug technique for the management of disc-associated cervical spondylopathy in Dobermann Pinscher dogs.Methods: Retrospective study of 52 Dobermann Pinscher dogs.Results: A variable degree of cement plug subsidence with loss of vertebral distraction was evident in all dogs (n = 40) that were radiographed >6 weeks postoperatively. In no case was there definitive evidence of vertebral body fusion. Eight dogs had a sudden deterioration in neurological status, cervical hyperaesthesia, or both between three days and 12 weeks following surgery that was considered to be implant-associated; six of these dogs were euthanatized. Following surgery, 43/52 dogs were considered to be neurologically normal or to have improved, however, nine of 43 subsequently deteriorated due to adjacent segment disease. At the long-term follow-up, 34 dogs were considered to be neurologically normal or to have improved. Twenty-nine dogs were dead by the end of the study period.Clinical significance: Intervertebral bone cement plug surgery results in an initial improvement in clinical signs in the majority of Dobermann Pinschers with disc-associated cervical spondylopathy. However, it fails to maintain vertebral distraction or achieve vertebral body fusion, and is associated with acute implant complications, additional cervical disc protrusions or mortality in a significant proportion of cases.Online Supplementary Material: Please note that online supplementary material for this paper is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-15-09-0160.

Modeling Caries Experience: Advantages of the Use of the Hurdle Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedwig Hofstetter ◽  
Elise Dusseldorp ◽  
Achim Zeileis ◽  
Annemarie A. Schuller
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Hurdle Model ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Online Supplementary Material ◽  
Dmf Index ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Hurdle Regression ◽  
Zero Counts

In dental epidemiology, the decayed (D), missing (M), and filled (F) teeth or surfaces index (DFM index) is a frequently used measure. The DMF index is characterized by a strongly positive skewed distribution with a large stack of zero counts for those individuals without caries experience. Therefore, standard generalized linear models often lead to a poor fit. The hurdle regression model is a highly suitable class to model a DMF index, but its use is subordinated. We aim to overcome the gap between the suitability of the hurdle model to fit DMF indices and the frequency of its use in caries research. A theoretical introduction to the hurdle model is provided, and an extensive comparison with the zero-inflated model is given. Using an illustrative data example, both types of models are compared, with a special focus on interpretation of their parameters. Accompanying R code and example data are provided as online supplementary material.

scholarly journals Language Learning Difficulties Reported by Beginner-Level Learners of Arabic Using Online Tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Amer
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Online Supplementary Material ◽  
Vocabulary Recall ◽  
Online Tools ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Weekly Journal ◽  
Journal Entries

This study examined how two classes used online supplementary material to learn Arabic and the difficulties they reported in the process of their learning. The two classes have a total of 33 students who completed the course. The data from their weekly journal entries and log information from the site where the material was housed are used to describe the extent and the ways in which students used the material and issues they faced learning Arabic. Results show that students in both classes spent roughly 265 hours practicing Arabic with an average of 8 hours per student throughout the semester and that vocabulary recall and pronunciation were key struggles in their learning. Furthermore, this paper discusses some of the themes that emerged of students’ journal entries about their learning Arabic. Further implications are provided and discussed.

scholarly journals D. A. Ọbasa (1879–1945): a Yoruba poet, culture activist and local intellectual in colonial Nigeria

Africa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Akintunde Akinyẹmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Creative Ability ◽  
Biographical Information ◽  
Online Supplementary Material ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Linguistic Influences

AbstractThis article examines the works of one of the earliest Yoruba poets, Denrele Adetimikan Ọbasa (1879–1945), a member of the local intelligentsia in colonial Nigeria. In my assessment of the poet as a culture activist and local intellectual, I draw on biographical information, extensive archival research and relevant textual illustration. The central argument of the article is that Ọbasa exploits Yoruba communal oral resources for ideas, themes and other linguistic influences in his poetry. Therefore, the essay explores the creative ability of Ọbasa to preserve different forms of oral literary material in his poetic composition and how he uses the folkloric materials as instruments for raising the social consciousness of his readers. At this level, the article argues, Ọbasa transforms oral traditions into metaphorical and symbolic language that best articulates his political or philosophical positions. Thus, orality is not static, but dynamic, flexible and adaptable to change. The main article offers translations of excerpts from Ọbasa's poetry, while the online supplementary material offers more complete samples of Ọbasa's poems.

Usefulness of multidetector computed tomography in the evaluation of spinal neuro- musculoskeletal injuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Ricciardi
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Multidetector Computed Tomography ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Spinal Trauma ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Online Supplementary Material ◽  
Scan Time ◽  
Volumetric Representation ◽  
Supplementary Material

SummarySpinal trauma is commonly diagnosed in small animal practice. Although the first approach to the patient with spinal trauma includes survey spinal radiographs, an accurate evaluation of the injury often requires advanced imaging. Multidetector computed tomography has revolutionized computed tomography technology, providing near-isotropic volumetric representation of the complete body with exquisite anatomical detail in a brief scan time. This review aims to discuss the technical background, indications, and limitations of multidetector computed tomography in the assessment of spinal trauma with particular reference to skeletal, muscular and nervous spinal components.Online Supplementary Material: Please note that all figures for this paper are also available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-15-05-0082.

scholarly journals Evidence Suggesting That a Fifth of Annotated Caenorhabditis elegans Genes May Be Pseudogenes

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 770-775
Author(s):  
Andrew Mounsey ◽  
Petra Bauer ◽  
Ian A. Hope
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Gene Fusions ◽  
Duplicated Genes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Online Supplementary Material ◽  
High Figure ◽  
Supplementary Material

Only a minority of the genes, identified in theCaenorhabditis elegans genome sequence data by computer analysis, have been characterized experimentally. We attempted to determine the expression patterns for a random sample of the annotated genes using reporter gene fusions. A low success rate was obtained for evolutionarily recently duplicated genes. Analysis of the data suggests that this is not due to conditional or low-level expression. The remaining explanation is that most of the annotated genes in the recently duplicated category are pseudogenes, a proportion corresponding to 20% of all of the annotated C. elegansgenes. Further support for this surprisingly high figure was sought by comparing sequences for families of recently duplicated C. elegans genes. Although only a preliminary analysis, clear evidence for a gene having been recently inactivated by genetic drift was found for many genes in the recently duplicated category. At least 4% of the annotated C. elegans genes can be recognized as pseudogenes simply from closer inspection of the sequence data. Lessons learned in identifying pseudogenes in C. elegans could be of value in the annotation of the genomes of other species where, although there may be fewer pseudogenes, they may be harder to detect.[Online supplementary material available atwww.genome.org.]

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