scholarly journals Turkish Approach to Isil, Syria And The Kurdish Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulviyya Huseynova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Regional Power ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The West ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International View

<p>There have been large-scale complaints lately regarding the relationship between Turkey and the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The basis of the mentioned allegations shows that Turkey is unwilling to take very strict measures regarding the security threat over its borders. This research paper examines the Turkish dilemma fighting against the ISIL threat and the contribution of Turkish policy in support of fighting ISIL. In recent meetings, U.S. officials mentioned that Turkey has made a mistake in the past with its borders. They criticize Turkey’s delayed reaction and failure to react strongly against ISIL, but that does not imply that Turkey supports a terrorist group or organization<strong>. </strong>Furthermore, Ankara has always argued that the rebels from Syria should be supported and moderated. But this point of reaction, which is even supported by the West, makes it impossible to differentiate between the 2 camps. The cross-over of arms as well, e.g. to control the deliveries of arms, is impossible to moderate. Turkey tries to keep away the emerging anti –ISIL coalition and does not support an attack on the group. It has been argued in the international view that Turkey cannot become a regional power without joining the fighting coalition against ISIL threat. However, the West and regional countries are trying to understand the Turkish reaction and they are concerned.</p>

Comparative Analysis of Terrorists’ Objectives Hierarchies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Johannes Ulrich Siebert ◽  
Detlof von Winterfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Intelligence Collection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
The Relationship

To develop effective counterterrorism strategies, it is important to understand the capabilities and objectives of terrorist groups. Much of the understanding of these groups comes from intelligence collection and analysis of their capabilities. In contrast, the objectives of terrorists are less well understood. In this article, we describe a decision analysis methodology to identify and structure the objectives of terrorists based on the statements and writings of their leaders. This methodology was applied in three case studies, resulting in the three objectives hierarchies of al-Qaeda, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and Hezbollah. In this article, we propose a method to compare the three objectives hierarchies, highlight their key differences, and draw conclusions about effective counterterrorism strategies. We find that all three terrorist groups have a wide range of objectives going far beyond the objective of killing and terrorizing people in the non-Muslim world. Among the shared objectives are destroying Israel and expelling Western powers from the Middle East. All three groups share the ambition to become a leader in the Islamic world. Key distinctions are the territorial ambitions of ISIL and Hezbollah versus the large-scale attack objectives of al-Qaeda. Objectives specific to ISIL are the establishment of a caliphate in Iraq and Syria and the re-creation of the power of Sunni Islam. Hezbollah has unique objectives related to the establishment of a Palestine State and to maintain the relationship with and support of Iran and Syria. Al-Qaeda’s objectives remain focused on large-scale attacks in the West. We also note a recent shift to provide support for small-scale attacks in the West by both al-Qaeda and ISIL. Our method can be used for comparing objectives hierarchies of different organizations as well as for comparing objectives hierarchies over time of one organization.

The New Islamic State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Khosrokhavar
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Imagined Community ◽  
The West ◽  
Patriarchal Family ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation

The creation of the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham (ISIS) changed the nature of jihadism worldwide. For a few years (2014–2017) it exemplified the destructive capacity of jihadism and created a new utopia aimed at restoring the past greatness and glory of the former caliphate. It also attracted tens of thousands of young wannabe combatants of faith (mujahids, those who make jihad) toward Syria and Iraq from more than 100 countries. Its utopia was dual: not only re-creating the caliphate that would spread Islam all over the world but also creating a cohesive, imagined community (the neo-umma) that would restore patriarchal family and put an end to the crisis of modern society through an inflexible interpretation of shari‘a (Islamic laws and commandments). To achieve these goals, ISIS diversified its approach. It focused, in the West, on the rancor of the Muslim migrants’ sons and daughters, on exoticism, and on an imaginary dream world and, in the Middle East, on tribes and the Sunni/Shi‘a divide, particularly in the Iraqi and Syrian societies.

Religion and International Crimes

2019 ◽  
pp. 192-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Nanninga
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Religious Violence ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter introduces insights from the field of religious studies to research on perpetrators in order to examine the relationship between religion and international crimes. To this end, the chapter focuses on the case of the Islamic State, and particularly its crimes against the Iraqi Yazidi community and its attacks in the West. Based on primary sources, it argues that religion plays a primary role in the perpetrators self-understandings, serving as a significant framework through which they shape, justify, and give meaning to their violence. However, the chapter also demonstrates that religion cannot be consistently distinguished from non-religious or secular aspects of violence. Therefore, it argues, attributing a particular role to religion in explaining international crimes is inconsistent, and distinguishing between ‘religious violence’ and its secular counterpart not very helpful. Based on these observations, the chapter concludes by providing suggestions for future research on the topic.

Genocide and Religion in Times of War

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manus I. Midlarsky
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Italian Fascism ◽  
Traditional Religions ◽  
Political Religion ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Relationship

To understand the relationship between religion and genocide in time of war, one needs to distinguish between sacred and secular political religions. Among the genocidal events inspired by political religions based on sacred texts are the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, the Sack of Magdeburg, the British Civil War in Ireland, and Bosnia. I also examine several groups pursuing a genocidal agenda claiming religious justification: al-Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Civil religions and secular political religions discussed are the French Revolution, Italian Fascism, Nazism, and Stalinist Communism. Lacking the restraints found in traditional religions, secular political religion is most dangerous. Large-scale genocides are best explained by diachronic processes entailing subordination followed by gain and then loss by the perpetrators. The presence of loss in various forms is found in virtually all cases. Emotions that typically do not influence routine politics—such as anger and fear—are engaged. All of the cases, even those of minimal loss, are influenced by international events. Without the presence of war, genocides like the Holocaust, and those of the Armenians and Tutsis, are inconceivable. Even as an exclusionary ideology, traditional religion is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for all forms of genocide in time of war. But religion can be an enabler that together with other antecedents can lead to genocide. Sacred religious sites can be sensitive locations whose violation inspires violence. Radicalization of religious leaders can occur when their religion appears to be under attack, especially during or following a period of widespread violence.

Cash and Customers: Theatre Revenue and the National Economy

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Paul Huntington
Keyword(s):  
Arts Administration ◽  
Commercial Sector ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Arts ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

While statistical information on certain sectors of the British theatre is slowly becoming available – notably from the Arts Council and the Society of West End Theatre, as also from researchers in the Department of Arts Administration at the City University – few attempts have yet been made to draw useful conclusions from these figures, or to deduce how they might be helpful in terms of forward-planning and projections. In the following article. Paul Huntington examines the relationship between theatre revenue and total consumer expenditure, in the context of published figures which illustrate the changing national economic picture of the past decade. He examines not only the way in which these figures tend, naturally enough, to confirm certain expectations – for example, concerning the impact of tourism on the theatre – but also less expected findings, such as the relative upsurge in the fortunes of the regional theatres at a time of slump in the commercial sector of the West End.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LATE TWENTIETH-EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Articult ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Evgenia I. Vinogradova ◽  
◽  
Evgeny V. Kilimnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
First Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyzes the work of Western and Russian scientists, conducted in the past three decades, on the relationship of psychology and architecture. It is shown that in the West, the neuropsychological aspects of the relationship of psychology and architecture are studied thanks to modern neurobiological equipment, while in Russia there is a clear gap between the representatives of neuroscience, their technical support, and the architectural scientific community. As a result of the analysis conducted in the article, it is concluded that two research blocks can be distinguished. The first of them highlights the relationship between the psyche of the viewer and architecture. This may include research, both revealing the features of the perception of objects, and the influence of an architectural object on the viewer. Another block of research is connected with the psyche of the architect: and here the features of the design process itself are examined, as well as the influence of the personality of the architect on the features of the architectural object. It is concluded that the topic of reflecting the individual or individually-typological psychological characteristics of the personality of an architect in a specific architectural work remains undeveloped both in the West and in Russia, although it is extremely relevant today.

A Theatre of Uncertainties: Science and History in Michael Frayn's ‘Copenhagen’

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Chaos Theory ◽  
Niels Bohr ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theatrical Performance ◽  
The University ◽  
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Uncertainty Of Outcome

A recurring strand over the past few years in New Theatre Quarterly has been the relationship between the nature of theatricality and scientific conceptions rooted in quantum mechanics – notably Chaos Theory and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. This approach is questioned by scientists, who doubt the possibility of bridging the scientific and the literary uses of the metaphorical language being deployed. Michael Frayn's recent play, Copenhagen, used the crucial wartime visit paid by Heisenberg to Niels Bohr, his fellow architect of the Uncertainty Principle, to explore the scientific concepts involved through the work's own form and content. Victoria Stewart here assesses the nature and the success of Frayn's techniques in relation to the wider uncertainties of live theatrical performance as well as to the relationship between the scientific and artistic use of metaphor. The outcome, she concludes, is ‘a dialogue between two fields of discourse – science and theatre – which reveals that both necessarily deal in ambiguity and uncertainty of outcome’. Victoria Stewart lectures in English and Drama at the University of the West of England, Bristol.

Syrian Jewry in Transition, 1840-1880

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaron Harel
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The West ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
European Jewish ◽  
Jewish Emigration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Traditional Economy ◽  
Opening Up

The Ottoman reforms of the mid-nineteenth century accelerated the process of opening up Syria to European travellers and traders, and gave Syria's Jews access to European Jewish communities. The resulting influx of Western ideas led to a decline in the traditional economy. It also allowed for the introduction of Western education, influenced the structure and the administration of Jewish society in Syria, and changed the balance of the relationship between Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Initially Syria's Jewish communities flourished in these new circumstances, but there was a developing recognition that their future lay overseas. After the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the bankruptcy of the Ottoman Empire in 1875, and the suspension of the Ottoman constitution in 1878, this feeling intensified. A process of decline set in that ultimately culminated in large-scale Jewish emigration. Thereon, the future for Syrian Jews lay in the West, not the East. This book covers Jewish community life, the legal status of Jews in Syria, their relationship with their Muslim and Christian neighbours, and their links with the West. It draws on a range of archival material in six languages, including Jewish, Christian Arab, and Muslim Arab sources, Ottoman and European documents, consular reports, travel accounts, and reports from the contemporary press and by emissaries to Syria of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Rabbinic sources are particularly important in opening a window onto Syrian Jewish life and concerns. Together these sources bring to light an enormous amount of material and provide a broad, multifaceted perspective on the Syrian Jewish community.

Berg and modernity: Ambivalence, synthesis, and remaking of tradition in the String Quartet op. 3

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-48
Author(s):  
Benedict Taylor
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
String Quartet ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Alban Berg ◽  
Second Viennese School ◽  
Radical Innovations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gradual Shift ◽  
The Relationship

Alban Berg has long been seen as the most conservative member of the Second Viennese School, a ‘moderate modernist’, an accessible throwback to Romanticism for audiences afraid of the supposedly more radical innovations of Schoenberg or Webern, and hence for much of the 20th century has suffered from the stigma of a perceived lack of progressivism. Yet recent decades have witnessed a gradual shift in critical opinion on this issue, coinciding with a loosening of the claims of high modernity and arguably a move to a more ‘postmodern’ outlook. This paper explores further the relationship between the historical tendency in Berg’s music and the complex notion of modernity through an analysis of the early String Quartet op. 3, his first large-scale atonal composition, focusing on the idea of synthesis between old and new, conservative and progressive — the nature of the modernity which arises out of his music’s relationship with the past. This is the most problematic category in relation to advancing Berg’s credentials as a modernist but thus possibly the most interesting, and also useful since it can ultimately allow a critique of the whole notion of the modern imperative.

Defining psychological maltreatment: The relationship between questions and answers

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Wald
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychological Maltreatment ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Over the past 30 years, hundreds of millions, perhaps billions, of dollars have been spent on research related to child maltreatment. Yet, with some notable exceptions, this research has produced disappointingly little information that is relevant to policy-makers. In part, this reflects the difficulty of doing policy-relevant research, a problem exacerbated by the unwillingness of most funding sources to support the types of large-scale research projects needed to answer many policy questions. However, part of the blame lies with the research community itself. Too often, researchers have failed to understand the policy issues at stake. As a result, they have not asked the right questions or utilized appropriate research designs. In fact, they often have failed to conceptualize adequately the questions they were trying to address.

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