scholarly journals A comparative morphological study of the ligamentum lamina nuchae and ligamenta interspinalia reveals enthesis patterns at the sites of attachment from the second to seventh cervical vertebrae in four extant species of Equus

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon May-Davis ◽  
Robert Hunter ◽  
Wendy Brown
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Dorsal Spine ◽  
Spine Morphology ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Extant Species

Morphological variation in the attachment sites of the ligamentum lamina nuchae and ligamentainterspinalia to the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae is described in four species of Equus, and enthesis patterns inrelation to these attachment sites are explored. This comparative study provides new insights with respect tothis variation in the zebrine and asinine clades within Equus. In zebrines (Equus caballus, E. quagga boehmiand E. przewalskii), the ligamentum lamina nuchae attaches to the eminence of the cervical dorsal spinesfrom either the 2nd to 5th, and or 2nd to 7th. These attachments resemble digits and between each digit anaperture is apparent. The ligamenta interspinalia attach to the base of each cervical dorsal spine from the 2ndto 7th before progressing caudally onto the thoracic dorsal spines. Three enthesis patterns per cervical dorsalspine correspond to the size and shape of these ligaments. In contrast, in asinines (as represented by Equusasinus), the ligamentum lamina nuchae attaches without digitation to the complete sagittal ridge of the cervicalvertebra including the dorsal spine and exhibits no ligamenta interspinalia. Consequently, the enthesispattern is represented by a raised sagittal ridge only, excluding the 7th cervical dorsal spine. These differencesbetween the ligamentum lamina nuchae and ligamenta interspinalia attachment sites create distinct enthesispatterns that differentiate zebrines from asinines. Findings include: differing ligamentous morphology; associatedenthesis patterns corresponding to attachment sites of the ligaments to the cervical vertebrae; influencesin dorsal spine morphology subject to the presence or absence of the ligaments; and the postulation ofevolutionary functional adaptions in response to environmental influences between the two Equus clades.These results may be useful for palaeontologists in the identification of isolated cervical vertebrae.

Comparative Anatomy of the Nuchal Ligament Lamellae and Cervical Interspinous Ligament in Zebrines (Horse and Zebra) and Asinines (Donkey)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon May-Davis ◽  
Robert Hunter ◽  
Wendy Y. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Equus Caballus ◽  
Dorsal Spine ◽  
Domestic Horse ◽  
Interspinous Ligament ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Nuchal Ligament

A recent study postulated the reduction in nuchal ligament lamellae attachments from C2-C7 to primarily C2-C5, occurred after domestication in modern horse (Equus caballus). It further identified that close relatives of E. caballus still retained the nuchal ligament lamellae from C2-C7, whether the equid was a zebrine or asinine. To date, the morphology of the attachment sites of the nuchal ligament lamellae to the cervical vertebrae between zebrines and asinines have not been investigated. In this study, zebrines were represented by domestic horse, Przewalski’s horse, close descendants of Equus ferus ferus and zebra; asinines were represented by donkeys. Comparative anatomy revealed that in zebrines the nuchal ligament lamellae attached to the eminence of the cervical dorsal spines with triangular apertures between each attachment and when attached to C6 and C7, the apertures elongated dorsally. Furthermore, the cervical interspinous ligament attached to each cervical dorsal spine forming a ligamentous base to each aperture from C2-T1. In asinines, the findings revealed the nuchal ligament lamellae attached to the entire dorsal eminence including the cervical dorsal spines from C2-C7, and neither apertures nor cervical interspinous ligaments were present. These informative results may benefit studies involving equid biomechanics and Palaeontologists identifying individual cervical specimens.

scholarly journals A comparative morphological study of the sixth and seventh spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae in extinct and extant species of Equus.

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon May-Davis ◽  
Robert Hunter ◽  
Wendy Brown
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Spinous Processes ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Lateral Profile

The lateral profile of the 6th and 7th cervical spinous processes (CSPs) were examined in four extantspecies of Equus (n=33); E. caballus (n=26), E. przewalskii (n=3), E. quagga boehmi (n=1), E. asinus (n=3)and compared to pre-domesticated Equus specimens (n=66) representing three known species: E. occidentalis(n=56), E. mosbachensis (n=2), E. curvedins/insulatis (n=1) and unknown Equus species (n=7) from five museums.Six common morphological profiles were revealed: cuneate, curvate, falcate, rudimentary, scalenate,and truncate. For the 6th CSP, the distribution of these morphologies amongst extant Equus is: cuneate, onlyE. asinus; curvate, E. caballus and E. przewalskii always in combination with ligamentum lamina nuchae (lig.lamina nuchae) attachments from the 2nd through to 7th CSP inclusive; falcate, E. caballus and E. przewalskiialways in combination with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 7th CSP inclusive;rudimentary, E. caballus always associated with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 5thCSP inclusive; scalenate, E. caballus in association with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd throughto 5th (n=11) or 7th (n=4) CSP inclusive; truncate, not present. The 6th CSP in museum specimens of Equusexhibits one of four profiles: cuneate (n=10), curvate (n=14), scalenate (n=11) and truncate (n=4). For the 7thCSP, the distribution of these morphologies amongst extant Equus is: curvate, E. caballus mostly associatedwith lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 5th CSP inclusive, falcate, E. caballus mostly associatedwith lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 7th CSP inclusive, scalenate, E. caballusassociated with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 5th CSP inclusive. Only Rancho LaBrea and Tar Pits Museum provided samples suitable for examination of the 7th CSP. These exhibited fourprofiles: curvate (n=7), falcate (n=11), scalenate (n=2), and truncate (n=7). These findings suggest that thelateral profile of the 6th CSP is of potential use in identification of species; attachments of the lig. lamina nuchaealter the morphology of the 6th and 7th CSP; and that attachments of the lig. lamina nuchae on the 2ndto 7th CSP were likely present in species of Equus prior to domestication.

The size and shape of the human pelvis: a comparative study of modern and medieval age populations

2021 ◽  
pp. 151749
Author(s):  
Valer Dzupa ◽  
Marek Konarik ◽  
Jakub Knize ◽  
Petr Veleminsky ◽  
Jana Vranova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Size And Shape

scholarly journals Synthesis of Hierarchical Dorsal SpineAg2SStructures by a Solid-Vapor Reaction: The Effect of Reagent Gas Composition

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Muñiz-Lerma ◽  
J. F. Hernández-Paz ◽  
J. R. Farias-Mancilla ◽  
P. E. García Casillas ◽  
C. A. Rodriguez González
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Silver Sulfide ◽  
Dorsal Spine ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Spine Morphology ◽  
Sulfur Atmosphere ◽  
High Plastic

Silver sulfide hierarchical structures with unique dorsal spine morphology were successfully synthesized on mechanically deformed silver substrates by simple solid-vapor reactions. It has been found that it is possible to change the structures morphology by changing the reagent gas composition. The carbon monoxide (CO) presence in a reactive sulfur atmosphere was found to be the key for growing the dorsal spine structures. In all cases, theAg2Sstructures grew on the edge of the silver substrates where high plastic deformation occurred.

scholarly journals Morphological variation in the horse: defining complex traits of body size and shape

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Brooks ◽  
S. Makvandi-Nejad ◽  
E. Chu ◽  
J. J. Allen ◽  
C. Streeter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Size And Shape

Larvae and pupae of Dascillidae (Coleoptera): morphological study and discussion of their relationships to Scarabaeoidea and Eulichadidae

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarke Scholtz ◽  
Vasily Grebennikov
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
The Family ◽  
Late Instar

AbstractExternal morphology of late-instar larvae and pupae of the coleopteran family Dascillidae is revised. Larvae studied for Dascillus Latreille with two species from Europe and North America, Notodascillus Carter from Australia and Pleolobus Philippi from Chile; pupae studied for D. davidsoni LeConte. Larval diagnosis and description of the family are updated. Dascillid larvae exhibit little morphological variation and share eight apparently apomorphic characters. Widely accepted sister-group relationship between Dascillidae and Rhipiceridae is not supported with larval morphology because ectoparasitic larvae of Rhipiceridae are poorly known and apparently highly modified morphologically. The superfamily Scarabaeoidea is unlikely to be a close relative of Dascillidae since this hypothesis is based mainly on habitat-dependent convergences of soil-dwellers (grub-like body shape, reduced stemmata) or possible symplesiomorphic similarities. Ten similarities between larvae of Dascillidae and Eulichadidae (Dryopoidea) were found. Some of these are possibly synapomorphies of these two groups. Larval and pupal morphology of Dascillidae is illustrated by 26 drawings.

scholarly journals The size and shape of three water-soluble, non-ionic polysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria: A comparative study

2016 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Øksnes Dalheim ◽  
Nina Bjørk Arnfinnsdottir ◽  
Göran Widmalm ◽  
Bjørn E. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Size And Shape

Genetic and environmental influences on pupil performances

Twin Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siv Fischbein ◽  
Ruth Guttman ◽  
Michael Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Educational Setting ◽  
Time Points ◽  
A Current ◽  
Israeli Kibbutz

AbstractThe results presented in this paper are part of a current comparative study of genetic and environmental influences in three educational settings: Stockholm, Jerusalem and the Israeli kibbutz. We specifically wanted to investigate whether a more restrictive educational setting would decrease genetic influences. Here we report on comparisons of cognitive performance measures at several time points for twins/controls, boys/girls and within-pair similarity in MZ, DZ and controls. The tests used were the Raven Progressive Matrices, verbal, reading comprehension and arithmetic. The results show no differences between twins and controls, whilst gender differences seem to be smallest in the Stockholm sample and largest in Jerusalem. A pattern of genetic influences on cognitive performance was also clearly visible in Jerusalem. In Stockholm shared environmental influences at home and at school seemed even stronger than in the kibbutz. No consistent differences were found between tests or occasions.

A comparative study of the morphology of some Sympetrum larvae (Odonata: Libellulidae) from eastern Canada

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Trottier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Setal Formula ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative

A comparative morphological study of the first five larval instars of Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen), S. rubicundulum (Say), and S. obtrusum (Hagen) supports a subgeneric grouping, based on adults, suggested by Walker (unpublished). Qualitative and quantitative comparisons verify that S. vicinum belongs to one group and that S. rubicundulum and S. obtrusum belong to another. It is recommended that the setal formula for the labium of the second and third instar be used as a criterion for further studies of subgeneric grouping in Sympetrum.

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