scholarly journals The Human Microbiome: History and Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 406-411
Author(s):  
Wallace Hayes ◽  
Saura Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Made In

The microbiome plays an important role in human health and disease. Our current understanding of the human microbiome is limited. A significant amount of progress has been made in this area of research in the last two decades. The human microbiome plays an important role in host metabolism and physiology. Recent studies suggest a critical relationship between the human microbiome and host metabolism. The interactions between the microbiome and host metabolism affect human health and disease. However, this review of the literature indicates that more studies are required using new technologies to have a greater understanding of the role the human microbiome plays in human health and disease.

scholarly journals Fecal Virome Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Lin ◽  
Henry C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Established Role

The gut virome consists of a large population of eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses that have an emerging role in human health and disease. Growing evidence for the importance of the virome includes recent findings on fecal virome transplantation (FVT) that suggest FVT may have therapeutic potential for the resolution of dysbiosis and treatment of dysbiosis-related disorders. Most viruses in the gut virome are bacteriophages (phages), which have a well-established role in regulating bacterial communities across environments. Phages also influence health and disease by interacting directly with the host immune system. The full extent to which gut phages should be considered as both a target and a tool for microbiome modulation remains to be seen. This chapter will explore the current understanding of the gut virome and the therapeutic potential for FVT.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge About the Implication of Bacterial Microbiota in Human Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
D. Nikolova
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract Recent advances in molecular genetics and the invention of new technologies led to a development in our knowledge about human microbiota, specifically bacterial one. The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the immunologic, hormonal and metabolic homeostasis of the host. After the initiation of the Human Microbiome Project, it became clear that the human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut, but also in other spots as the skin, mouth, nose, and vagina. Despite of the differences in studying bacterial species, decreased bacterial diversity and persistence has been connected with several diverse human diseases primarily diabetes, IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) and others; attempts were made even to explain psychiatric pathology. Several species emerged as dominant and were clearly linked to certain disorders or accepted as biomarkers of others. The current review aims to discuss key issues of our current knowledge about bacteria in human, the difficulties and methods of its analysis, its contribution to human health and responsibility for human diseases.

scholarly journals Old and new models for studying host-microbe interactions in health and disease:C. difficileas an example

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (6) ◽  
pp. G623-G627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Indigenous Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Insight Into

There has been an explosion of interest in studying the indigenous microbiota, which plays an important role in human health and disease. Traditionally, the study of microbes in relationship to human health involved consideration of individual microbial species that caused classical infectious diseases. With the interest in the human microbiome, an appreciation of the influence that complex communities of microbes can have on their environment has developed. When considering either individual pathogenic microbes or a symbiotic microbial community, researchers have employed a variety of model systems with which they can study the host-microbe interaction. With the use of studies of infections with the toxin-producing bacterium Clostridium difficile as a model for both a pathogen and beneficial bacterial communities as an example, this review will summarize and compare various model systems that can be used to gain insight into the host-microbe interaction.

scholarly journals The microbiome in rheumatology: Where are we and where should we go?

2020 ◽  
pp. annrheumdis-2019-216631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Manasson ◽  
Rebecca B Blank ◽  
Jose U Scher
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Micro Organisms

From birth, humans coexist and coevolve with trillions of micro-organisms inhabiting most body surfaces and cavities, referred to as the human microbiome. Advances in sequencing technologies and computational methods have propelled the exploration of the microbiome’s contribution to human health and disease, spearheaded by massive efforts such as the Human Microbiome Project and the Europe-based MetaHit Consortium. Yet, despite the accumulated body of literature and a growing awareness among patients, microbiome research in rheumatology has not had a key impact on clinical practice. Herein, we describe some of the landmark microbiome studies in autoimmunity and rheumatology, the challenges and opportunities of microbiome research and how to navigate them, advances in related fields that have overcome these pitfalls, and future directions of harnessing the microbiome for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Zinc networks: the cell-specific compartmentalization of zinc for specialized functions

2012 ◽  
Vol 393 (7) ◽  
pp. 565-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Hennigar ◽  
Shannon L. Kelleher
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In Cells

Abstract Zinc (Zn2+) is the most abundant trace element in cells and is essential for a vast number of catalytic, structural, and regulatory processes. Mounting evidence indicates that like calcium (Ca2+), intracellular Zn2+ pools are redistributed for specific cellular functions. This occurs through the regulation of 24 Zn2+ transporters whose localization and expression is tissue and cell specific. We propose that the complement and regulation of Zn2+ transporters expressed within a given cell type reflects the function of the cell itself and comprises a ‘Zn2+ network.’ Importantly, increasing information implicates perturbations in the Zn2+ network with metabolic consequences and disease. Herein, we discuss our current understanding of Zn2+ transporters from the perspective of a Zn2+ network in four specific tissues with unique Zn2+ requirements (mammary gland, prostate, pancreas, and brain). Delineating the entire Zn2+ transporting network within the context of unique cellular Zn2+ needs is important in identifying critical gaps in our knowledge and improving our understanding of the consequences of Zn2+ dysregulation in human health and disease.

scholarly journals Potentials of Microorganisms in Human Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ali Mohamed Elshafei
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Health And Disease

There are large numbers of powerful species of microorganisms present within our bodies that make up the diverse human microbiomes. Microbiomes, the collective genomes of the microorganisms in a particular environment, support and maintain our health, but they are disturbed in some fashion in case of the presence of some diseases such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. Different food products provide different growth conditions for microorganisms. Microbial growth is also controlled by some factors such as pH, nutrients, moisture content, temperature, relative humidity, and gases. Thus the growth of microorganisms in optimum conditions results in spoilage and degradation of food products resulting in a sour or foul-smelling, in addition to a visible change in color, effervescences on the food surface, etc. Microbial contamination of food can occur at any point in the food production process starting from growth, harvesting, transport, storage, or final preparation. A variety of environmental factors can influence intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close relationship with human health and disease. There are many numerous potential probiotics or beneficial bacteria that may prevent or treat certain diseases such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. On the other hand, a few destructive microorganisms play a major role in the development and progression of major human diseases such as infectious diseases, liver diseases, gastrointestinal cancers, metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases, mental or psychological diseases, and autoimmune diseases. With the increased understanding of the relationship between the human microbiome and a variety of diseases, the use of these findings to predict or diagnose diseases has attracted a great deal of attention. Thus, the aim of the present work was to review briefly the role of microorganisms in human health, during the development of autoimmune and tumor diseases. This review article also includes microbiota diversity, colonization, and normalization of perturbed intestinal microbial communities, the safety of gastrointestinal tract, and the beneficial role of probiotics.

scholarly journals Integrating Microbiome Network: Establishing Linkages Between Plants, Microbes and Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh B. N. Krishna ◽  
Anamika Dubey ◽  
Muneer A. Malla ◽  
Richa Kothari ◽  
Chandrama P. Upadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Metabolic Activities

The trillions of microbes that colonize and live around us govern the health of both plants and animals through a cascade of direct and indirect mechanisms. Understanding of this enormous and largely untapped microbial diversity has been the focus of microbial research from the past few decades or so. Amidst the advancements in sequencing technologies, significant progress has been made to taxonomically and functionally catalogue these microbes and also to establish their exact role in the health and disease state. In comparison to the human microbiome, plants are also surrounded by a vast diversity of microbes that form complex ecological communities that affect plant growth and health through collective metabolic activities and interactions. This plant microbiome has a substantial influence on human health and environment via its passage through the nasal route and digestive tract and is responsible for changing our gut microbiome. This review primarily focused on the advances and challenges in microbiome research at the interface of plant and human, and role of microbiome at different compartments of the body’s ecosystems along with their correlation to health and diseases. This review also highlighted the potential therapies in modulating the gut microbiota and technologies for studying the microbiome.

scholarly journals Fonksiyonel Özellik Sağlayan Doğal Bileşenlerin Et Ürünlerinde Kullanımı

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1297-1307
Author(s):  
Işıl İlter ◽  
Figen Ertekin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Made In

Meat products have great importance in daily diet. The physical and functional properties of meat products provide consumer appreciation. In addition to these features, an evaluation has been made in terms of their impact on human health. In this study, the formulation of meat products according to the functional properties, processing, storage and consumption modifications and functional meat products are discussed. Meat and meat products have great potential with some important nutrients to the diet, such as fatty acids, minerals, dietary fiber, antioxidants and bioactive peptides. In addition, new technologies have been developed to produce successful products, increase their stability and be tasteful. It is important that the components used are natural in order to ensure that the existing health beneficial components in their structures are taken up by diet. In vitro studies performed due to the participation of food products in metabolism by digestion are also an important evaluation criterion for meat products developed with natural ingredients.

scholarly journals Engineering Modular Viral Scaffolds for Targeted Bacterial Population Editing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Ando ◽  
Sebastien Lemire ◽  
Diana Pires ◽  
Timothy Lu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Orders ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Escherichia Coli Phage ◽  
Phage Isolation ◽  
Pathogenic Yersinia

Bacteria are central to human health and disease, but the tools available for modulating and editing bacterial communities are limited. New technologies for tuning microbial populations would facilitate the targeted manipulation of the human microbiome and treatment of bacterial infections. For example, antibiotics are often broad spectrum in nature and cannot be used to accurately manipulate bacterial communities. Bacteriophages can provide highly specific targeting of bacteria, but relying solely on natural phage isolation strategies to assemble well-defined and uniform phage cocktails that are amenable to engineering can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Here, we present a synthetic-biology strategy to modulate phage host ranges by manipulating phage genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used this technology to swap multiple modular phage tail components and demonstrated that Escherichia coli phage scaffolds can be redirected to target pathogenic Yersinia and Klebsiella bacteria, and conversely, Klebsiella phage scaffolds can be redirected to target E. coli. The synthetic phages achieved multiple orders-of-magnitude killing of their new target bacteria and were used to selectively remove specific bacteria from multi-species bacterial communities. We envision that this approach will accelerate the study of phage biology, facilitate the tuning of phage host ranges, and enable new tools for microbiome engineering and the treatment of infectious diseases.

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