scholarly journals Food Affordability and Economic Growth

TEM Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1571-1579
Author(s):  
Ruslan Mudrak ◽  
Volodymyr Lagodiienko ◽  
Nataliia Lagodiienko ◽  
Vitalii Rybchak
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Functional Characteristic ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Food Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Food Affordability ◽  
Constant Prices

The conducted correlation-andregression analysis revealed a close inverse connection between the functional characteristic "share of the expenditures for food and non-alcoholic beverages in the structure of the total expenditures of the households" and the factorial characteristic "GDP per capita by purchasing power parity, at constant prices". The response of the share of food expenditures in the structure of the total expenditures of the households to per capita GDP growth corresponds to the law of diminishing returns. The pattern is manifested in the long-term period.

The effects of the economic crisis on income convergence in the European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Stanišić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Per Capita

This paper evaluates income convergence in the European Union, between “old” (EU15) and “new” member states from Central and East Europe (CEE10), and among the countries within these two groups. The GDP per capita convergence should be expected according to the exogenous economic growth model and neoclassical trade theory. The presence of σ-convergence and both absolute and conditional β-convergence is tested for on a sample of 25 European Union countries (EU25). Results confirm the existence of β-convergence of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity among EU25, but not among EU15 and CEE10 countries. σ-convergence has been confirmed among EU25 and CEE10 countries, while GDP per capita has been diverging in the EU15 group of countries. Moreover, the results reveal that recent economic crisis has reversed long-term tendencies and led to income convergence within EU15 and divergence within CEE10. During the crisis, the income differences among the EU25 countries have increased, but the scope and duration of this effect has been limited and has not affected the long term convergence path. However, the obtained long term speed of convergence is significantly lower compared with the previous researches.

What Would Make Morocco an Emerging Economy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ahmed Naciri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Morocco is steadily progressing toward development and may well join the ranks of rich countries as early as in 2022. We perform least squares regressions on a sample of 12 components of economic freedom, for a total of 375 observations over 25 years (1995-2019). We also consider Morocco’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in USD billion, Morocco’s GDP growth as a percentage of change (pcGDP)and Morocco’s per capita GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD for the last 25 years. The empirical evidence shows that during this period, Morocco achieved an enviable level of performance by increasing its GDP by 455%, despite the strong demographic pressures exerted by 35% population growth.[1]    However, the country’s performance in relation to some components of its economic freedom was so weak that it may end up jeopardizing this economic development momentum, as expressed by the behaviour of its pcGDP and the increase of this value over time. Morocco must introduce some fundamental changes in its economic freedom policies if it wishes to continue to progress. Fortunately, the country appears to have the determination to do so.   [1]According to the IMF, Morocco’s population grew from 26.7995 million in 1995 to 36.47 million in 2019, an increase of 36%.  

Abstract 3225: Gross Domestic Product and Health Expenditure Associated with Incidence, 30-Day Fatality and Age at Stroke Onset: A Systematic Review

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Sposato ◽  
Gustavo Saposnik
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Differences in definitions of socioeconomic status (SES) and between study designs hinder their comparability across countries. We aimed to analyze the correlation of three widely used macro-SES indicators with stroke incidence and age at stroke onset. Methods: We selected population-based studies reporting incident stroke risk and/or 30-day case fatality according to pre-specified criteria. We used three macro-SES indicators that are consistently defined by international agencies: per capita gross domestic product adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP-aGDP), total health expenditures per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP-aTHE) and unemployment rate. We used two-tailed Spearman’s test and scatter-plots for analyzing the correlation of each macro-SES indicator with incident risk of stroke, 30-day case fatality rates, proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and age at stroke onset. Results: Twenty-three manuscripts comprising 30 population-based studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Age-adjusted incident risk of stroke using standardized World Health Organization World population, 30-day case fatality rates, proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and age at stroke onset were associated to lower PPP-aGDP and PPP-aTHE ( Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3). There was no correlation between unemployment rates and outcome measures. Table 1. Correlation Analyses of Macro-Indicators of Socioeconomic Status Figures 1. Scatter Plots for PPP-aGDP Figures 2. Scatter Plots for PPP-aTHE Conclusions: Lower PPP-aGDP and PPP-aTHE were associated with higher incident risk of stroke, higher case fatality, greater proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and lower age at stroke onset. As a result, these macro-SES indicators may be used as proxy measures of quality of primary prevention and acute care and considered as important factors for developing strategies aimed at improving worldwide stroke care.

scholarly journals The Structure of Tariffs and Long-Term Growth

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Nunn ◽  
Daniel Trefler
Keyword(s):  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Skill Bias ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Total Correlation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Protection For Sale ◽  
Tariff Structure

We show that the “skill bias” of a country's tariff structure is positively correlated with long-term per capita GDP growth. Testing for causal mechanisms, we find evidence consistent with the existence of real benefits from tariffs focused in skill-intensive industries. However, this only accounts for a quarter of the total correlation between skill-biased tariffs and growth. Turning to alternative explanations, we extend the standard Grossman-Helpman “protection-for-sale” model and show how the skill bias of tariffs can reflect the extent of domestic rent-seeking activities in the economy. We provide evidence that the remaining variation is explained by this endogeneity. (JEL D72, F13, F43, O17, O19, O24, O47)

scholarly journals The Big Mac Index And Real-Income Disparity

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Atal
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

The Big Mac Index was introduced to (semi-humorously) test the theory of purchasing power parity and measure the disparity in currency values. Instead, in this paper, we consider this index to find out the per capita real-income disparity across 54 countries. We find that the per capita real-income can be very low in some countries even when Big Mac burgers are very cheap, like in India. Among these countries, Hong Kongs per capita Big Mac affordability is the highest with 47 burgers daily whereas Pakistans people could afford just one a day. Additionally, we find that Russia and Chinas Big Mac affordability has been significantly increasing over the last decade, Brazils has remained more or less constant, however USAs Big Mac affordability has been falling, indicating that per capita real-income of Americans has been decreasing over the last decade. Finally, we find that increased role of the government might be negatively correlated to per capita real-income. Czech Republic has been experiencing increased Big Mac affordability as the country has been reducing the governments role; whereas Argentina has been experiencing reduced Big Mac affordability as the country has been moving left and increasing the governments power.

scholarly journals The Role of Fiscal Policy in Human Development: The Pakistan’s Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (4II) ◽  
pp. 381-396
Author(s):  
Syed Ammad Ali ◽  
Hasan Raza ◽  
Muhammad Umair Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Per Capita

Human development considered as the engine of the economic growth as it improves the economy’s strength and increases the standard of living of the people, increases the choices and maximises the welfare of the society that is the prime objective of any government. The development of the human capabilities is also necessary for the sustainable growth, as there are many channels through which human development foster the economic growth. It increases the labour productivity, labour demand, employment and output. On the other hand, human capital also attracts physical capital.1 Empirically, it is very difficult to have an exact measure of human development and social welfare. Several proxies used to measure human development, e.g. GNI per capita as a measure of standard of living, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) criterion to measure the cost of living and to measure the welfare, average year of schooling, school enrolment rate and health expenditures as a percentage of GDP to capture this composite welfare and development indicator. A fair index of Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by United Nations Development Programme in 1990. This index based on the standard of living (natural logarithm of GDP PPP per capita), access to knowledge (adult literacy rate with two-third weighting and the remaining is the gross enrolment ratio) and a healthy life (life expectancy at birth). The value of index varies from 0 to 1, lower the HDI, lesser would be the human development and welfare in the country or vice versa.

LATVIAN THEME PARK DEVELOPMENT IN KURZEME AND VIDZEME

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiba Rivza ◽  
Uldis Plumite
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Theme Parks ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
National Economic Policy ◽  
The Eu

The economy of Latvia is experiencing rapid development in the European Union and is an active participant of the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In recent years there have been several changes in both sectors and national economic policy. The total population in Latvia was estimated at 1.9 million inhabitants in 2019 and a total GDP per capita was 63% of the EU average, the lowest GDP per capita in purchasing power parity was recorded in Bulgaria - 46% of the EU average, Romania - 60% and Croatia - 62%. Lithuanian and Estonian GDP per capita in 2019 was accounted for 74% of the EU average. Latvia has more than 12 theme parks, but the amusement offer is small. Most of the theme parks are mostly located in Kurzeme and Vidzeme. Attraction Parks historically evolved near the big cities, where the infrastructure is highly developed. The aim is to increase the influx of tourists in regions where tourism products are amusement parks, thus developing more local businesses and the city's environment, increasing the demand for an active economic environment, but regional laws often hinder this development.

Analysis of the Labour Productivity Impact on Indicators of Economic Growth at the National, Sub-Federal, and Regional Levels

2021 ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
Svetlana A. Samusenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Krasnoyarsk Krai ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Labour Productivity Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Constant Prices

Labour productivity has a predominant impact on economic growth and the rate of postcrisis economic recovery. The increase in labour productivity, in turn, depends on the employed population’s standard of living. A comparative longitude analysis of these indicators’ dynamics reveals the potential for the economic growth of the territory. The historically determined asymmetry in the economic development of Russian regions requires analysis carried out at the national, sub-federal (federal districts), and regional levels. In the study, the author evaluates the dynamics of the per capita gross regional product (GRP), labour productivity, and real wages in constant prices at purchasing power parity for Russia, the Siberian Federal District, and Krasnoyarsk Krai. The results of this analysis allow comparing economic growth and labour productivity growth in Russia and Russian regions with international trends. The author has found that labour productivity per working hour measured in constant prices in Russia, Siberia, and Krasnoyarsk Krai is several times lower than the corresponding indicators of countries leading in productivity and economic growth. The dynamics of per capita GRP and labour productivity, measured both in current and constant prices, is positive. The statistical relationship between labour productivity growth and cyclical processes in the national economy is noted; in the crisis and post-crisis periods, there is outstripping growth in labour productivity due to the mobilization of the workers’ labour potential. The economy of the Siberian Federal District has been characterized by a steady excess of the growth rate of labour productivity over the growth rate of per capita GRP, while in Krasnoyarsk Krai and Russia this trend has manifested since 2014 with the onset of the crisis. This process indicates a change in the mechanisms of economic growth: with the entry into the crisis phase, human labour, as well as its efficiency, becomes the only significant factor in maintaining the stability of national and regional economies. The obtained results also show the depressive impact of a long-term decline in real wages on labour productivity and economic growth during the economic crisis. The structural analysis demonstrates that labour productivity growth has a strong positive effect on economic growth, while the growth of the employment rate has a moderate positive effect. A decline in the share of the working-age population in the demographic structure has a pronounced negative impact on economic growth in the long-term period. The study results can be used in the development of national and regional policies related to stimulating economic growth.

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