scholarly journals Tips for optimizing organ preservation solutions

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Ostróżka-Cieślik ◽  
Barbara Dolińska ◽  
Florian Ryszka
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Warm Ischemia ◽  
Organ Injury ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Optimal Functions ◽  
Preservation Solutions ◽  
Graft Storage ◽  
And Storage

Organ injury during ischemia is one of the clinical problems of today's transplantation. It occurs during warm ischemia time (WIT) when the blood flow is cut off and during cold ischemia when a graft is chilled in situ until the circulation is restored to the recipient organism. Fast cooling of the organ slows metabolism and activates intracellular enzymes, which minimizes the effects of warm ischemia. Unfortunately, hypothermia also results in inhibition of ATP synthesis, cell swelling and intracellular acidity. That is why research is continually being conducted to develop new fluids for rinsing and storing organs as well as to optimize the composition of those that are already in use, which will allow for longer and more effective graft storage and restoration of its optimal functions after transplantation. The article provides current information on rinsing and storage fluids available on the global market. It also discusses the directions of fluid modification with hormones and micronutrients.

scholarly journals Effects of processing, moisture, and storage length on the fermentation profile, particle size, and ruminal disappearance of reconstituted corn grain

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana L M Gomes ◽  
Antonio V I Bueno ◽  
Fernando A Jacovaci ◽  
Guilherme Donadel ◽  
Luiz F Ferraretto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Our objective was to examine the effects of processing, moisture, and anaerobic storage length of reconstituted corn grain (RCG) on the fermentation profile, geometric mean particle size (GMPS), and ruminal dry matter disappearance (DMD). Dry corn kernels were ground (hammer mill, 5-mm screen) or rolled, then rehydrated to 30%, 35%, or 40% moisture, and stored for 0, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 180 d in laboratory silos. Rolled corn had an increased GMPS compared with ground corn (2.24 and 1.13 mm, respectively, at ensiling). However, there was a trend for an interaction between processing and moisture concentration to affect particle size, with GMPS increasing with increased moisture concentration, especially in ground corn. Longer storage periods also slightly increased GMPS. Processing, moisture, and storage length interacted to affect the fermentation pattern (two- or three-way interactions). Overall, pH decreased, whereas lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and NH3-N increased with storage length. RCG with 30% moisture had less lactic acid than corn with 35% and 40% moisture, indicating that fermentation might have been curtailed and also due to the clostridial fermentation that converts lactic acid to butyric acid. Ensiling reconstituted ground corn with 30% of moisture led to greater concentrations of ethanol and butyric acid, resulting in greater DM loss than grain rehydrated to 35% or 40% of moisture. Ammonia-N and in situ ruminal DMD were highest for reconstituted ground corn with 35% or 40% of moisture, mainly after 60 d of storage. Therefore, longer storage periods and greater moisture contents did not offset the negative effect of greater particle size on the in situ ruminal DMD of rolled RCG. Nonetheless, RCG should be ensiled with more than 30% moisture and stored for at least 2 mo to improve the ruminal DMD and reduce the formation of ethanol and butyric acid.

scholarly journals IN SITU DETERMINATIONS OF pH IN SOME LAKES

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLAV GRÖTERUD
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
And Storage ◽  
In Situ Technique

pH has been determined in some lakes by using an in situ technique. pH has also been measured in the usual way in the field and in the laboratory. These measurements, together with the determinations in situ, made it possible to get information about changes of pH in the water samples during sampling, measuring, and storage. The microstratification of pH has also been investigated by means of in situ determinations.

Enhanced DNA fragmentation in the thymus of spontaneously hypertensive rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. H2135-H2140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidekazu Suzuki ◽  
Frank A. Delano ◽  
Neema Jamshidi ◽  
Dan Katz ◽  
Mikiji Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Organ Injury ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Thymic Atrophy ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Dna Nicking ◽  
Wistar Kyoto

The mechanisms contributing to organ injury in hypertension have been incompletely defined. The thymus gland of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) shows significant atrophy at the age of 15 wk compared with its normotensive control, the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY). The aim of the present study was to examine the thymus of SHR for evidence of DNA nicking as one of the mechanisms for thymic atrophy. SHR and WKY were subjected to adrenalectomy or sham surgery at 12 wk and studied at 15 wk. Adrenalectomy served to normalize the blood pressure in the SHR. DNA nicking was detected by in situ nick-end labeling (ISEL) of fixed tissue sections. Tissue sections were treated with proteolysis, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase was used to incorporate biotinylated deoxynucleotides into DNA nick end in situ. Separately, DNA fragmentation was evaluated by measuring the level of released mono- and oligonucleosomes to the cytoplasm. A higher number of thymic ISEL-positive cells and a higher level of cytoplasmic mono- and oligonucleosomes were observed in SHR than in WKY. After adrenalectomy the enhanced level of ISEL and cytoplasmic mono- and oligonucleosomes in SHR was reduced to the level in WKY. Dexamethasone treatment (0.05 mg ⋅ kg−1⋅ day−1) in WKY serves to decrease the thymus weight and significantly elevate the level of mono- and oligonucleosomes. Thus increased DNA fragmentation represents one of the mechanisms associated with thymic atrophy, a feature that reflects immune suppression in SHR.

scholarly journals Integrated Procedure for Monitoring and Assessment of Linear Infrastructures Safety (I-Pro MONALISA) Affected by Slope Instability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donato Infante ◽  
Diego Di Martire ◽  
Domenico Calcaterra ◽  
Pietro Miele ◽  
Anna Scotto di Santolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Linear Infrastructure ◽  
Optimal Functions ◽  
Satellite Radar ◽  
Slope Instabilities ◽  
Damage Susceptibility ◽  
Linear Infrastructures

The occurrence of geological events such as landslides is one of the main causes of damage along linear infrastructures: Damage to transport infrastructures, as roads, bridges, and railways, can restrict their optimal functions and contribute to traffic accidents. The frequent and accurate monitoring of slope instability phenomena and of their interaction with existing man-made infrastructures plays a key role in risk prevention and mitigation activities. In this way, the use of high-resolution X-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, characterized by short revisiting times, has demonstrated to be a powerful tool for a periodical noninvasive monitoring of ground motion and superstructure stability, aimed at improving the efficiency of inspection, repairing, and rehabilitation efforts. In the present work, we suggest a semiautomatic GIS approach, which, by using satellite radar interferometry data and results of geomorphological field survey integrated in a qualitative vulnerability matrix, allows to identify sections with different levels of damage susceptibility, where detailed conventional in situ measurements are required for further analysis. The procedure has been tested to investigate landslide-induced effects on a linear infrastructure in Campania Region (Italy), the Provincial Road “P.R. 264”, which is affected, along its linear development, by several slope instabilities. COSMO-SkyMed interferometric products, as indicator of ground kinematics, and results of in situ damage survey, as indicator of consequences, have been merged in a qualitative 4 × 4 matrix, thus obtaining a vulnerability zoning map along a linear infrastructure in January 2015. Furthermore, an updating of landslide inventory map is provided: In addition to 24 official landslides pre-mapped in 2012, 30 new events have been identified, and corresponding intensity and state of activity has been detected.

scholarly journals The Social Origins of Cooking and Dining in Early Villages of Western Asia

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 89-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine I. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Adult Women ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Ground Stone ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Social ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Milling Tools ◽  
Activity Areas

This paper explores social customs of cooking and dining as farming emerged in the earliest villages of Palestine and Jordan (12,650–6850 cal BC). The approach is a spatial analysis of in situ hearths, pits, bins, benches, platforms, activity areas, caches, and ground stone artefacts. Mortars, pestles, and bowls first appear in significant numbers in base camps of semi-sedentary Natufian hunter-gatherers. Elaborate and decorated, these artefacts imply a newly formal social etiquette of food-sharing. They were used within houses, near hearths, and in outdoor areas. The earliest farmers of the Khiamian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A used simple, mostly undecorated, ground stone tools. One-room houses were often fitted with a hearth and a small mortar in the centre, features that also occur in outdoor areas. In the Early and Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, firepits, milling stations, and storage features were placed on porches and outdoor areas near house doors. These areas formed a transition zone between house and community, where food preparation provided opportunities for social contacts. The most private rooms in houses were supplied with benches, platforms, and decorated hearths, and probably sheltered household meals. In the Late PPNB, when some villages grew to unprecedented sizes, storage, and cooking facilities were placed in constricted, private spaces comparatively hidden from community view. Numerous milling tools and multiple milling stations in individual houses suggest intensification of production of prepared foods. It is argued that adult women bore the brunt of the increased labour and that these activities placed them under new restrictions of daily activity and visibility in relation to village communities.

Effect of membrane perturbing treatments on the membrane-bound peptidases ofStreptococcus cremorisHP

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred A. Exterkate
Keyword(s):  
Intact Cells ◽  
Irreversible Inhibition ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Functional Peptide ◽  
Solvent Molecules ◽  
And Storage ◽  
No Activation ◽  
Proline Iminopeptidase

SummaryThe effects of solubilization, treatment with organic solvents and storage under alkaline conditions on membrane-associated peptidases of intact cells ofStreptococcus cremorisHP were studied. Differences in the response of the peptidase activities towards these membrane perturbing treatments were observed. Pyrrolidonecarboxylylpeptidase (PCP) and an endopeptidase (P50) showed 50% irreversible inhibition at the same concentration of each solvent tested. An amino- and proline iminopeptidase activity and the endopeptidase P37were in this respect much more sensitive to the action of the solvents. Within a homologous series of n-alkanols irreversible inhibition of PCP showed a dependence on the hydrophobicity of the solvent molecules. Only P37activity was increased considerably upon solubilization of the enzyme. Similar levels of activation were found upon treatment of cells with 3% (v/v) n-butanol at 25 °C or storage at 30 °C at an alkaline pH. Optimal activity of P50during n-butanol treatment was at 25 °C using a concentration of 5% (v/v), but no activation was observed upon solubilization. The results are discussed in terms of enzyme–lipid interaction and accessibility of the enzymes in situ. It is concluded that the enzymes apparently occupy different positions within the membrane although they may together constitute a functional peptide-hydrolysing unit.

Improving mitochondrial bioenergetics under ischemic conditions increases warm ischemia tolerance in the kidney

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (1) ◽  
pp. F11-F21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel H. Szeto ◽  
Shaoyi Liu ◽  
Yi Soong ◽  
Alexander V. Birk
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Partial Nephrectomy ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Warm Ischemia ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Ischemia Tolerance

Ischemia time during partial nephrectomy is strongly associated with acute and chronic renal injury. ATP depletion during warm ischemia inhibits ATP-dependent processes, resulting in cell swelling, cytoskeletal breakdown, and cell death. The duration of ischemia tolerated by the kidney depends on the amount of ATP that can be produced with residual substrates and oxygen in the tissue to sustain cell function. We previously reported that the rat can tolerate 30-min ischemia quite well but 45-min ischemia results in acute kidney injury and progressive interstitial fibrosis. Here, we report that pretreatment with SS-20 30 min before warm ischemia in the rat increased ischemia tolerance from 30 to 45 min. Histological examination of kidney tissues revealed that SS-20 reduced cytoskeletal breakdown and cell swelling after 45-min ischemia. Electron microscopy showed that SS-20 reduced mitochondrial matrix swelling and preserved cristae membranes, suggesting that SS-20 enhanced mitochondrial ATP synthesis under ischemic conditions. Studies with isolated kidney mitochondria showed dramatic reduction in state 3 respiration and respiratory control ratio after 45-min ischemia, and this was significantly improved by SS-20 treatment. These results suggest that SS-20 increases efficiency of the electron transport chain and improves coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. SS-20 treatment after ischemia also significantly reduced interstitial fibrosis. These new findings reveal that enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics may be an important target for improving ischemia tolerance, and SS-20 may serve well for minimizing acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease following surgical procedures such as partial nephrectomy and transplantation.

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