Environmental concerns in agriculture and soil protection

2003 ◽  
pp. 121-132
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Soil Protection

Productivity of sugar beets depending on the method of main soil tillage and levels of fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (94) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
M. L. Tyrus
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Yielding Capacity ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Favorable Weather ◽  
Fertilization Level

Soil tillage and fertilization level are important in the system of agro-technical measures that increase soil fertility and sugar beets productivity. Today the cultivation of this crop requires a great deal of expense, therefore, there is a need for a wider study of the use of cheap soil cultivation, soil protection, energy-saving soil tillage technologies and appropriate ferti-lization levels. Under western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine conditions, investigations were conducted on dark grey podzolic light loamy soils where the influence of tillage models and fertilization levels on the formation of sugar beets root crops was studied. Shallow no-plow tillage of the soil on 14-16 cm is expedient to use as a main tillage under sugar beets. Under favorable weather and climatic conditions, it can provide yielding capacity at the level of deep fall plowing. The use of shallow no-plow tillage helped to increase the yielding capacity of sugar beet roots relative to plowing by 28-30 cm for 1.3 t / ha and the biological sugar output – for 0.2 t / ha. Then the sugar content was by 0.1% higher in the application of deep fall plowing on 28-30 cm. The optimization of the system of sugar beets fertilization allows ensuring the growth of the yielding capacity of root crops. It is established that the application of fertilizer norm N300P225K350 provides the yielding capacity at the level of 90 t / ha. The sugar content of root crops at the given fertilizer rate was the lowest in the experiment - 16.5 – 16.6%. Thanks to the high yielding capacity of root crops in terms of N300P225K350, the sugar harvesting was the highest and depending on the method of basic soil tillage was 14.95 – 14.79 t / ha. That is in 3.2 times more as to the control, in 1.3 times more than the norm of N180P135K210 and in 1.1 more than the fertilization level N240P180K280.

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

A Review of Wet Etch Formulas for Silicon Semiconductor Failure Analysis

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Wet Etching ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Acid System ◽  
Graphical Data ◽  
Selective Etch ◽  
Chromium Compounds ◽  
Wet Etch

Abstract WET ETCHING is an important part of the failure analysis of semiconductor devices. Analysis requires etches for the removal, delineation by decoration or differential etching, and study of defects in layers of various materials. Each lab usually has a collection of favored etch recipes. Some of these etches are available premixed from the fab chemical supply. Some of these etches may be unique, or even proprietary, to your company. Additionally, the lab etch recipe list will usually contain a variety of classical "named etches". These recipes, such as Dash Etch, have persisted over time. Although well-reported in the literature, lab lists may not accurately represent these recipes, or contain complete and accurate instructions for their use. Time seems to have erased the understanding of the purpose of additives such as iodine, in some of these formulas. To identify the best etches and techniques for a failure analysis operations, a targeted literature review of articles and patents was undertaken. It was a surprise to find that much of the work was quite old, and originally done with germanium. Later some of these etches were modified for silicon. Much of this work is still applicable today. Two main etch types were found. One is concerned with the thinning and chemical polishing of silicon. The other type is concerned with identifying defects in silicon. Many of the named etches were found to consist of variations in a specific acid system. The acid system has been well characterized with ternary diagrams and 3-D surfaces. The named etches were plotted on this diagram. The original formulas and applications of the named etches were traced to assure accuracy, so that the results claimed by the original authors, may be reproduced in today's lab. The purpose of this paper is to share the condensed information obtained during this literature search. Graphical data has been corrected for modem dimensions. Selectivities have been located and discussed. The contents of more than 25 named etches were spreadsheeted. It was concluded that the best approach to delineation is a two-step etch, using uncomplicated and well-characterized standard formulas. The first step uses a decoration or differential etch technique to define the junctions. Formulations for effective decoration etches were found to be surprisingly simple. The second step uses a selective etch to define the various interconnections and dielectric layers. Chromium compounds can be completely eliminated from these formulas, to meet environmental concerns. This work, originally consisting of 30 pages with 106 references, has been condensed to conform with the formatting requirements of this publication.

25 Jahre nationale Bodenbeobachtung im Schweizer Wald | 25 years of soil monitoring at forest sites in Switzerland

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (12) ◽  
pp. 517-523
Author(s):  
Reto Giulio Meuli ◽  
Peter Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Soil Monitoring ◽  
Guide Value ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Limestone Weathering ◽  
Guide Values ◽  
Jurassic Limestone

The national soil monitoring network (Nabo) consists of 105 sites across Switzerland, 28 of which are located in forests. After 25 years already seven forest sites (25%) were more or less damaged by storms. Two of them had to be abandoned for a decade to recover. Concerning precautionary soil protection the legal guide value is exceeded at three forest sites for cadmium and at one site also for chromium. These sites are all based on Jurassic limestone, and it is well known that residuals of limestone weathering can be rich in cadmium. Hence, the enrichment is supposed to be of geogenic origin. In the Canton Ticino the top soil at Novaggio site exceeds the guide value for lead. Here, anthropogenic origin is very likely. The analysis of the organic pollutants PAH and PCB in the third sampling campaign revealed moderate concentrations with a maximum lower than or equal to ⅔ of the corresponding guide value. Based on the results of the first four sampling campaigns it can be concluded that only small changes in the measured heavy metal concentrations in the top soils at the 28 Nabo sites were found. The most dynamic element is lead. Most of the concentrations are far below the guide values, the same holds for the organic pollutants PAH and PCB.

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