scholarly journals The Economic Foundation of Library Copyright Strategies in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Vitiello
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Scholarly Communication ◽  
Book Trade ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Economic Foundation ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stm Publishers

The author critically examines the evolution of open access libraries from the TULIP project (1991) to more recent developments. At the same time, he emphasises the role of libraries as key agents of national book policies through Public Lending Rights. After having shown the difference between the scholarly communication and the book chains, both in printed and digital form, the author points to the position that libraries hold on the distribution segment of the chains and how they are unable to turn power relations among actors to their own advantage. If content if king, organisations distributing content are normally king-makers, as the example of STM publishers clearly shows. Nevertheless, fragmentation and the assumption that what is good for libraries is also good for users do not allow libraries to understand the needs of the different stakeholders present in the value chain and provide appropriate services to them. This aspect is emphasised further in the book trade, where libraries have been hesitant in realising the economic foundation of copyright regulations which consists of trading off “the costs of limiting access to a work against the benefits of providing incentives to create the work in the first place” (Landes & Posner). After having examined library copyright strategies both in the book trade and in scholarly communication with a thorough discussion on (e-)lending and controlled digital lending, the author claims that copyright regulations are not written in the sky but on a solid foundation of economic forces which shape the book and information chains. Libraries’ strategies should aim to reinforce their relevance in the distribution segment and demonstrate their ability to provide services to all actors in the value chain. This role should also impact on the normalisation of library-publisher relations.

Digital Cable TV Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 542-556
Author(s):  
Ran Wei ◽  
Zizhong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Business Models ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Cable Tv ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Digital Cable Tv ◽  
Key Terms

This chapter focuses on digital cable TV networks as a convergent network with telecommunications networks and the Internet that provides broadcasting TV and radio, telecommunications services, and IP-based publishing and e-commerce. The chapter first traces the technological evolution of cable TV, highlighting recent developments in digitalization and convergence. The transformation of cable TV networks from channel operators to unified platforms is discussed. In doing so, the key terms and concepts in cable TV technology are introduced. The technological, political, regulatory, and economic forces behind the convergence are also identified. Furthermore, this chapter examines the value chain and collaborative opportunities among the participants in the digital cable TV revolution. User-centered business models of managing digital cable TV networks are proposed.

scholarly journals Russia’s Foreign Policy Evolution in the New Balkan Landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 179-199
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Entina ◽  
Alexander Pivovarenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Difference

The article reflects on the issue of the foreign policy strategy of modern Russia in the Balkans region. One of the most significant aspects of this problem is the difference in views between Russia and the West. Authors show how different interpretations of the events in former Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s predetermined the sense of mutual suspicion and mistrust which spread to other regions such as the post-Soviet space. Exploring differences between the Russian and the Western (Euro-Atlantic) views on the current matters, authors draw attention to fundamental differences in terminology: while the Western narrative promotes more narrow geographical and political definitions (such as the Western Balkan Six), traditional Russian experts are more inclined to wider or integral definitions such as “the Balkans” and “Central and Southeast Europe”. Meanwhile none of these terms are applicable for analysis of the current trends such as the growing transit role of the Balkans region and its embedding in the European regional security architecture. Therefore, a new definition is needed to overcome the differences in vision and better understand significant recent developments in the region. Conceptualizing major foreign policy events in Central and Southeast Europe during the last three decades (the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s), authors demonstrate the significance of differences in tools and methods between the Soviet Union and the modern Russia. Permanent need for adaptation to changing political and security context led to inconsistence in Russian Balkan policy in the 1990s. Nevertheless, Russia was able to preserve an integral vision of the region and even to elaborate new transregional constructive projects, which in right political circumstances may promote stability and become beneficial for both Russia and the Euro-Atlantic community.

scholarly journals Imperialismo en el siglo XXI

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
John Smith ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Neoliberal Globalization ◽  
The North ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Economic Foundation ◽  
The Difference

The globalization of production and its spread to low-income countries is the most notable transformation of the neoliberal era. Its driving force is the efforts by companies in Europe, North America and Japan to cut costs and raise profits, replacing relatively well-paid domestic labor for cheaper foreign labor. The gap in global wages, in great part the result of the suppression of the free movement of labor, provides a distorted view of the global differences in the rate of exploitation (simply, the difference between the value generated by the workers and what they are paid) upon which profits, prosperity and social peace in Europe, North America and Japan are ever-more reliant. Thus, neoliberal globalization should be seen as a new imperialist stage in capitalist development, where «imperialism» is defined by its economic foundation: the exploitation of labor in the South by capitalists from the North.

Isotopy invariants of topological spaces

1960 ◽  
Vol 255 (1282) ◽  
pp. 331-366 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Homotopy Type ◽  
Algebraic Topology ◽  
Complete System ◽  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Linear Graphs ◽  
Homotopy Invariants ◽  
General Method

A few decades ago, topologists had already emphasized the difference between homotopy and isotopy. However, recent developments in algebraic topology are almost exclusively on the side of homotopy. Since a complete system of homotopy invariants has been obtained by Postnikov, it seems that hereafter we should pay more attention to isotopy invariants and new efforts should be made to attack the classical problems. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study new algebraic isotopy invariants of spaces. A general method of constructing these invariants is given by means of a class of functors called isotopy functors. Special isotopy functors are constructed in this paper, namely, the m th residual functor R m and the m th. enveloping functor E m . Applications of these isotopy invariants to linear graphs are given in the last two sections. It turns out that these invariants can distinguish various spaces belonging to the same homotopy type.

The Role of Social Media in the Knowledge-Based Organizations

2014 ◽  
pp. 254-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kijpokin Kasemsap
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Growth Firms ◽  
The Difference ◽  
External Sources Of Knowledge

This chapter introduces the role of Social Media (SM) in Knowledge-Based Organizations (KBOs), thus explaining the concept of KBOs, the difference between KBOs and non-KBOs, the concept of Knowledge Management (KM), the concept of SM, the importance of SM to KBOs, the application of SM in the KBOs, and the challenges of SM in the KBOs. This chapter explains the significance of SM for organizational development and adaptation to the business architecture in order to create knowledge integration environment in the KBOs. SM enables the creation of knowledge value chain to customize information and delivery for a technological business growth. Firms need to be connected to their technological business environment through SM because interacting with external sources of knowledge can effectively improve their capabilities about industry benchmark and competitive advantage. Understanding the role of SM in the KBOs will significantly enhance the organizational performance and achieve business goals in the global business environments.

What Is Scholarly Publishing and How Does It Work?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Scholarly Communication ◽  
Scholarly Publishing ◽  
The Difference

What is the difference between scholarly communication and scholarly publishing? As discussed in Chapter 2, scholars communicate with each other in a wide variety of ways, all of which exist on a spectrum of formality. At the informal end of the spectrum are the conversations...

Comparison of Regional Lung Deformation Between Dynamic and Static CT Imagery Using Inverse Consistent Registration

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Amelon ◽  
Kai Ding ◽  
Kunlin Cao ◽  
Gary E. Christensen ◽  
Joseph M. Reinhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Data ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Displacement Fields ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Lung Deformation

The mechanics of lung deformation is traditionally assessed at a whole-lung or lobar level. We submit that key aspects of lung mechanics maybe better understood by studying regional patterns of lung deformation by leveraging recent developments in tomographic imaging and image processing techniques. Our group has developed an inverse consistent registration technique for estimating local displacement distributions from paired lung CT volumes [1,2]. This facilitates the estimation of strain distributions and consequently, the regional patterns in volume change and its preferential directionalities (anisotropy in deformation). In this study, we use this novel method to compare regional deformation in the lungs between static and dynamic inflations in an adult sheep. Much of our research has focused on registration of static lung images at different positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP). More recently, respiratory-gated CT scans of supine, positive-pressure inflated sheep lungs have been gathered in order to compare the displacement fields of a dynamically inflating lung to the static lung scans. The theory is that scanning a dynamically inflating lung will more accurately reflect natural deformation during breathing by realizing time-dependent mechanical properties (viscoelasticity). The downside to human dynamic lung imaging is the increased radiation dose necessary to acquire the image data across the respiratory cycle, though low-dose CT scans are an option [3]. This experiment observed the difference in strain distribution between dynamically inflated lungs versus static apneic lungs using the inverse consistent image registration developed in our lab.

Cost–benefit and water resources policy: a survey

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Water Policy ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Policy Cost ◽  
The Right

This paper reviews recent developments in cost–benefit analysis for water policy researchers who wish to understand the applications of economic principles to inform emerging water policy debates. The cost–benefit framework can provide a comparison of total economic gains and losses resulting from a proposed water policy. Cost–benefit analysis can provide decision-makers with a comparison of the impacts of two or more water policy options using methods that are grounded in time-tested economic principles. Economic efficiency, measured as the difference between added benefits and added costs, can inform water managers and the public of the economic impacts of water programs to address peace, development, health, the environment, climate and poverty. Faced by limited resources, cost–benefit analysis can inform policy choices by summarizing trade-offs involved in designing, applying, or reviewing a wide range of water programs. The data required to conduct a cost–benefit analysis are often poor but the steps needed to carry out that analysis require posing the right questions.

Recent Developments in EU Biotech Regulation: A Possible Solution to the Deadlock on Authorizations of GM Crops?

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-152
Author(s):  
Vessela Hristova
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Modern Biotechnology ◽  
National Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Food Value ◽  
The Eu

This section aims to update readers on decisions related to marketing products of modern biotechnology (e.g., GMOs, animal clones) at EU level and on national measures concerning their production. Special attention is devoted to problems of competence between Member States and the EU in regulating biotechnology issues; the institutional dynamics of decision making regarding products derived from modern biotechnology; the relationship between the EFSA and the EU institutions on green biotech-related issues; the evolution of EU regulatory framework and of national attitudes towards the risks and benefits of biotechnology derived products and their production. This section will also delve into the interaction between the EU legislation and WTO law regarding advances in the application of biotechnology within the agri-food value chain.

scholarly journals An ecosystem lens: Putting China’s digital music industry into focus

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diming Tang ◽  
Robert Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Digital Music ◽  
Digital Service ◽  
Chinese Music ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
User Data ◽  
Music Streaming

The digital disruption of the global music industry hits the value chain for recorded music hard. In China, new digital service providers began to amass large user bases, offering a variety of services based on e-commerce and social messaging applications. In a low-intellectual property environment, these services have become the primary sources of digital music streaming via the Internet and increasingly through mobile telephony. This article reviews the literature on the value chains within the Chinese music industry, compares a classic business ecosystem model with a more recent model, and examines available user data on current Chinese music streaming services. We then suggest an ecosystem framework toward understanding the digital music industry in China and discuss how this framework maps to recent developments in China’s digital music industry.

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