scholarly journals The Use of C2–C5 Hydrocarbons for Production of Gasoline Components

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
G.D. Zakumbaeva ◽  
N.Ph. Toktabaeva ◽  
A.Zh. Kubasheva ◽  
L.V. Gorbacheva ◽  
A.I. Lyashenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Ethyl Benzene ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Light Hydrocarbons ◽  
Hzsm Zeolite ◽  
One Step ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Alkylation Gasoline

<p>A conversion of light hydrocarbons (C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>5</sub>) over HZSM-zeolite-containing catalysts modified by the VA Group metals was studied. The process was carried out in a flow reactor at varying temperature from 350 to 400 °C, pressure – 0.1-0.5 MPa and space velocity – 100-300 hr<sup>-1</sup>. It was observed that catalysts had high activity in the process of interaction between pentane and ethylene at temperature 350-400 °C and P = 0.1 MPa. The conversion of pentane and ethylene at these conditions over the catalyst P-3 are &gt; 98% and 99-100% respectively. The reaction products are C<sub>1</sub>–C<sub>4</sub> alkanes, C<sub>3</sub>–C<sub>4</sub> alkenes and C<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup> hydrocarbons of normal and iso-structure, benzene, ethyl-benzene, xylene, toluene. Maximum yield of C<sub>5</sub>–C<sub>7</sub> alkanes is 91.6% over P-2 and ethyl-benzene is 36.6% over P-3 catalyst observed at mild conditions T = 350 °C and P = 0.1 MPa. Yield of benzene is 1.3-1.4% that meets to environmental requirements. The composition of alkylation gasoline depends on the catalyst nature. Studied zeolite-containing catalysts are polyfunctional and carry out the reactions of dehydrogenation, isomerization, cyclization, alkylation and partly cracking of hydrocarbons by one step. The process scheme is presented.</p>

Hydrogenolysis of glucose and fructose in glycol solutions over CuO-MgO-ZrO2 catalyst

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
M.E. Sharanda ◽  
◽  
E.A. Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
High Partial Pressure ◽  
Zro2 Catalyst ◽  
Phase Process

Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are important representatives of polyols. On an industrial scale, they are obtained from petrochemical raw materials. Within a decade, significant efforts were made for the producing of polyols from biologically renewable raw materials - carbohydrates. The general trend for carbohydrate hydrogenolysis includes application of liquid-phase process with the use of modified metal-oxide catalysts, at 120-120 ° C and pressure of 3MPa or above. So high pressure is used for the reason to increase hydrogen solubility, and also due to the high partial pressure of low boiling solvents. We supposed that usage of high boiling solvents could allow hydrogenolysis to be performed at the lower pressure. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are of particular interest as such kind of solvent since they are both the main products of glucose hydrogenolysis. In this work, the process of hydrogenolysis of glucose and fructose over Cu / MgO-ZrO2 catalyst have been studied at temperature range of 160-200 °C and a pressure of 0.1-0.3 MPa in a flow reactor. The solvents were simultaneously the target products of the reaction - ethylene glycol and / or propylene glycol. Gas chromatography and 13C NMR were used for the reaction products identification. It was found that the solubility of glucose in propylene glycol is 21 % by weight, and in ethylene glycol 62% by weight. It was pointed out that the process of hydrogenolysis can take place at a pressure close to atmospheric. Under these conditions, the conversion of hexoses reaches 96-100 %. The reaction products are preferably propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. The total selectivity for C3-2 polyols is 90-94 %, that is higher than in the hydrogenolysis of glucose in aqueous solution.

Droplet Factories: Synthesis and Assembly of Silver and Palladium Nanoparticles at the Liquid-Liquid Interface

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suchanuch Sachdev ◽  
Rhushabh Maugi ◽  
Sam Davis ◽  
Scott Doak ◽  
Zhaoxia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Pd Nanoparticles ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Immiscible Liquids ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Droplet Flow ◽  
One Step

<div>The interface between two immiscible liquids represent an ideal substrate for the assembly of nanomaterials. The defect free surface provides a reproducible support for creating densely packed ordered materials. Here a droplet flow reactor is presented for the synthesis and/ or assembly of nanomaterials at the interface of the emulsion. Each droplet acts as microreactor for a reaction between decamethylferrocene (DmFc) within the hexane and metal salts (Ag+/ Pd2+) in the aqueous phase. The hypothesis was that a spontaneous, interfacial reaction would lead to the assembly of nanomaterials creating a Pickering emulsion. The subsequent removal of the solvents showed how the Ag nanoparticles were trapped at the interface and retain the shape of the droplet, however the Pd nanoparticles were dispersed with no tertiary structure. To further exploit this, a one-step process where the particles are synthesised and then assembled into core-shell materials was proposed. The same reactions were performed in the presence of oleic acid stabilise Iron oxide nanoparticles dispersed within the hexane. It was shown that by changing the reaction rate and ratio between palladium and iron oxide a continuous coating of palladium onto iron oxide microspheres can be created. The same reaction with silver, was unsuccessful and resulted in the silver particles being shed into solution, or incorporated within the iron oxide micro particle. These insights offer a new method and chemistry within flow reactors for the creation of palladium and silver nanoparticles. We use the technique to create metal coated iron oxide nanomaterials but the methodology could be easily transferred to the assembly of other materials.</div><div><br></div>

Kinetics of the catalytic hydrodesulphurization reaction system; hydrogenolysis of thiophene

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 2728-2741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Fott ◽  
Petr Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Molybdenum Catalyst ◽  
Cobalt Molybdenum Catalyst ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Reaction Schemes

Kinetics have been studied of the reaction system taking place during the reaction of thiophene on the cobalt-molybdenum catalyst in a gradientless circulation flow reactor at 360 °C and atmospheric pressure. Butane has been found present in a small amount in the reaction products even at very low conversion. In view of this, consecutive and parallel-consecutive (triangular) reaction schemes have been proposed. In the former scheme the appearance of butane is accounted for by rate of desorption of butene being comparable with the rate of its hydrogenation. According to the latter scheme part of the butane originates from thiophene via a different route than through hydrogenation of butene. Analysis of the kinetic data has revealed that the reaction of thiophene should be considered to take place on other active sites than that of butene. Kinetic equations derived on this assumption for the consecutive and the triangular reaction schemes correlate experimental data with acceptable accuracy.

One-Step Directional Cloning of Blunt-Ended Polymerase Chain Reaction Products

2000 ◽  
Vol 287 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent W.S. Liu ◽  
Phillip Nagley ◽  
Hextan Y.S. Ngan
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Directional Cloning ◽  
One Step ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Chemistry of kojic acid: One-step syntheses of benzothiazoles and other fused heterocycles from kojic acid derivatives

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2307 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Teitei
Keyword(s):  
Kojic Acid ◽  
Benzyl Ether ◽  
Pyridine Derivatives ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Fused Heterocycles ◽  
One Step ◽  
Mechanism Of The Reaction

The reactions of the benzyl ether (1b) of kojic acid (la) and its chloromethyl derivative (1c) were investigated as new routes to fused heterocyclic systems. The chloromethyl compound proved the more versatile intermediate yielding benzothiazoles with thiourea and pyrido[l,2-a]benzimidazoles (11) and pyrido[1,2-alindole (12b) with pyridine derivatives. A number of methylated products of the benzothiazole were prepared in order to establish the structures of the reaction products and a possible mechanism of the reaction is discussed.

scholarly journals Preparation of isocyanates by carbamates thermolysis on the example of butyl isocyanate

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Ratmir R. Dashkin ◽  
◽  
Dmitry A. Gordeev ◽  
Khusrav Kh. Gafurov ◽  
Sergey N. Mantrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Packed Column ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Dibutyltin Dilaurate ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Laboratory Setup

Butyl isocyanate is widely distributed as a precursor for the production of a number of biologically active substances: fungicides, preservatives, insecticides, personal care products, etc. Nowadays, there are a number of methods for the preparation of isocyanates, which can be divided into liquid phase and gas phase. One of the perspective methods for the production of isocyanates is the thermolysis of carbamate and/or the actions of various reaction activating agents, accompanied by the elimination of alcohol, but this process is reversible, which greatly complicates its use in industry. The paper presents the results of studies of non-catalytic thermal decomposition of N-alkylcarbamates with the formation of alkylisocyanates on the example of butylisocyanate in the gas phase, flow reactor in a wide temperature range (200 to 450 °C). In addition, a series of experiments was carried out using a catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate, in order to reduce the thermolysis temperature and increase the yield of the final product. To implement the isocyanate production process, an experimental laboratory setup, consisting of a gas flow meter (argon) regulator, a packed column (for heating) and a sorption solution tank, was developed and tested. The thermolysis of N-n-butylcarbamate was carried out in two variations: the preparation of an individual n-butylisocyanate and the passage of reaction products through a sorption solution linking the n-butyl isocyanate to N-n-butyl-N '-(1-phenylethyl)urea, which allows to estimate the yield of the target n-butylisocyanate without additional losses. The analysis of the obtained substances was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (target product) and a mass detector (analysis of by-products). According to the results of research, a modification of the laboratory facility was proposed, as well as n-butylisocyanate was obtained with a yield of 49% on the basis of a new technique.

scholarly journals Volatility and lifetime against OH heterogeneous reaction of ambient Isoprene Epoxydiols-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol (IEPOX-SOA)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
Brett B. Palm ◽  
Douglas A. Day ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
Jordan E. Krechmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Heterogeneous Reaction ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Humidity Dependence

Abstract. Isoprene epoxydiols-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) can contribute substantially to organic aerosol (OA) concentrations in forested areas under low NO conditions, hence significantly influencing the regional and global OA budgets, accounting for example for 16–36 % of the submicron OA in the SE US summer. Particle evaporation measurements from a thermodenuder show that the volatility of ambient IEPOX-SOA is lower than that of bulk OA and also much lower than that of known monomer IEPOX-SOA tracer species, indicating that IEPOX-SOA likely exists mostly as oligomers in the aerosol phase. The OH aging process of ambient IEPOX-SOA was investigated with an oxidation flow reactor (OFR). New IEPOX-SOA formation in the reactor was negligible, as the OFR cannot accelerate processes such as aerosol uptake and reactions that do not scale with OH. Simulation results indicate that adding ~ 100 µg m−3 of pure H2SO4 to the ambient air allows to efficiently form IEPOX-SOA in the reactor. The heterogeneous reaction rate coefficient of ambient IEPOX-SOA with OH radical (kOH) was estimated as 4.0 ± 2.0 × 10−13 cm3 molec−1 s−1, which is equivalent to more than a 2-week lifetime. A similar kOH was found for measurements of OH oxidation of ambient Amazon forest air in an OFR. At higher OH exposures in the reactor (> 1 × 1012 molec. cm−3 s), the mass loss of IEPOX-SOA due to heterogeneous reaction was mainly due to revolatilization of fragmented reaction products. We report for the first time OH reactive uptake coefficients (γOH = 0.59 ± 0.33 in SE US and γOH = 0.68 ± 0.38 in Amazon) for SOA under ambient conditions. A relative humidity dependence of kOH and γOH was observed, consistent with surface area-limited OH uptake. No decrease of kOH was observed as OH concentrations increased. These observation of physicochemical properties of IEPOX-SOA can help to constrain OA impact on air quality and climate.

scholarly journals Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over Vanadium-Containing Faujasite Zeolite

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Smoliło ◽  
Katarzyna Samson ◽  
Ting Zhou ◽  
Dorota Duraczyńska ◽  
Małgorzata Ruggiero-Mikołajczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Dehydrogenation ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Oxidative Dehydrogenation Of Propane ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Gas Flow Reactor ◽  
Faujasite Zeolite

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of light alkanes to olefins—in particular, using vanadium-based catalysts—is a promising alternative to the dehydrogenation process. Here, we investigate how the activity of the vanadium phase in ODH is related to its dispersion in porous matrices. An attempt was made to synthesize catalysts in which vanadium was deposited on a microporous faujasite zeolite (FAU) with the hierarchical (desilicated) FAU as supports. These yielded different catalysts with varying amounts and types of vanadium phase and the porosity of the support. The phase composition of the catalysts was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD); low temperature nitrogen sorption experiments resulted in their surface area and pore volumes, and reducibility was measured with a temperature-programmed reduction with a hydrogen (H2-TPR) method. The character of vanadium was studied by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The obtained samples were subjected to catalytic tests in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a fixed-bed gas flow reactor with a gas chromatograph to detect subtract and reaction products at a temperature range from 400–500 °C, with varying contact times. The sample containing 6 wt% of vanadium deposited on the desilicated FAU appeared the most active. The activity was ascribed to the presence of the dispersed vanadium ions in the tetragonal coordination environment and support mesoporosity.

scholarly journals Easy One-Step Amplification and Labeling Procedure for Copy Number Variation Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Blesa ◽  
María D Olivares ◽  
Andy S Alic ◽  
Alicia Serrano ◽  
Verónica Lendinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Copy Number Variations ◽  
Chromosome 17 ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
One Step ◽  
Cnv Detection

Abstract Background The specific characteristics of copy number variations (CNVs) require specific methods of detection and characterization. We developed the Easy One-Step Amplification and Labeling procedure for CNV detection (EOSAL-CNV), a new method based on proportional amplification and labeling of amplicons in 1 PCR. Methods We used tailed primers for specific amplification and a pair of labeling probes (only 1 labeled) for amplification and labeling of all amplicons in just 1 reaction. Products were loaded directly onto a capillary DNA sequencer for fragment sizing and quantification. Data obtained could be analyzed by Microsoft Excel spreadsheet or EOSAL-CNV analysis software. We developed the protocol using the LDLR (low density lipoprotein receptor) gene including 23 samples with 8 different CNVs. After optimizing the protocol, it was used for genes in the following multiplexes: BRCA1 (BRCA1 DNA repair associated), BRCA2 (BRCA2 DNA repair associated), CHEK2 (checkpoint kinase 2), MLH1 (mutL homolog 1) plus MSH6 (mutS homolog 6), MSH2 (mutS homolog 2) plus EPCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) and chromosome 17 (especially the TP53 [tumor protein 53] gene). We compared our procedure with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Results The simple procedure for CNV detection required 150 min, with &lt;10 min of handwork. After analyzing &gt;240 samples, EOSAL-CNV excluded the presence of CNVs in all controls, and in all cases, results were identical using MLPA and EOSAL-CNV. Analysis of the 17p region in tumor samples showed 100% similarity between fluorescent in situ hybridization and EOSAL-CNV. Conclusions EOSAL-CNV allowed reliable, fast, easy detection and characterization of CNVs. It provides an alternative to targeted analysis methods such as MLPA.

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