scholarly journals Carbonaceous Composites from Agricultural Wastes for Adsorption of Hydrocarbon Contamination in Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.K. Kudaybergenov ◽  
E.K. Ongarbayev ◽  
Z.A. Mansurov
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ftir Spectrometry ◽  
Oil Sorbents ◽  
Oil Spill Response

<p>Mechanical recovery of oil by oil sorbents is one of the most important countermeasures in marine oil-spill response. The preparation of oil-sorbents from agricultural waste increases economic return and reduces pollution. The sorption capacities of the carbonized rice husks and the apricot stone compared in relation to different petroleum products. Sorption capacity showed strong dependence on the particle size of sorbent and oil film thickness. The phase composition, microstructure and morphology of the composite material C/SiO<sub>2</sub>, prepared by carbonize of rice husks were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR spectrometry and scanning election microscope<em> </em>(SEM).</p>

Development of Ternary Concrete Utilizing Agricultural Waste Material

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Kumari ◽  
Dhirendra Singhal ◽  
Rinku Walia ◽  
Ajay Rathee
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Maize Cob

Abstract The present project proposes to utilize rice husk and maize cob husk ash in the cement to mitigate the adverse impact of cement on environment and to enhance the disposal of waste in a sustainable manner. Ternary concrete / MR concrete was prepared by using rise husk and maize cob ash with cement. For the present project, five concrete mixes MR-0 (Control mix), MR-1 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-2 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-5%), MR-3 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-4 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%) were prepared. M35 concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 for low slump values 0-25mm. The purpose is to find the optimum replacement level of cement in M35 grade ternary concrete for I – Shaped paver blocks.In order to study the effects of these additions, micro-structural and structural properties test of concretes have been conducted. The crystalline properties of control mix and modified concrete are analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that 10% Rice husk ash and 5% maize cob ash replaced with cement produce a desirable quality of ternary concrete mix having good compressive strength. The results of SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of both concrete were different, showing porous structure at 7 days age and become unsymmetrical with the addition of ashes. After 28 day age, the control mix contained more quantity of ettringite and became denser than ternary concrete. XRD analysis revealed the presence of portlandite in large quantity in controlled mix concrete while MR concrete had the partially hydrated particle of alite.

scholarly journals Nanosheets of CuCo2O4 As a High-Performance Electrocatalyst in Urea Oxidation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Zequine ◽  
Fangzhou Wang ◽  
Xianglin Li ◽  
Deepa Guragain ◽  
S.R. Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nickel Foam ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electroactive Material

The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is a possible solution to solve the world’s energy crisis. Fuel cells have been used in the UOR to generate hydrogen with a lower potential compared to water splitting, decreasing the costs of energy production. Urea is abundantly present in agricultural waste and in industrial and human wastewater. Besides generating hydrogen, this reaction provides a pathway to eliminate urea, which is a hazard in the environment and to people’s health. In this study, nanosheets of CuCo2O4 grown on nickel foam were synthesized as an electrocatalyst for urea oxidation to generate hydrogen as a green fuel. The synthesized electrocatalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electroactivity of CuCo2O4 towards the oxidation of urea in alkaline solution was evaluated using electrochemical measurements. Nanosheets of CuCo2O4 grown on nickel foam required the potential of 1.36 V in 1 M KOH with 0.33 M urea to deliver a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The CuCo2O4 electrode was electrochemically stable for over 15 h of continuous measurements. The high catalytic activities for the hydrogen evolution reaction make the CuCo2O4 electrode a bifunctional catalyst and a promising electroactive material for hydrogen production. The two-electrode electrolyzer demanded a potential of 1.45 V, which was 260 mV less than that for the urea-free counterpart. Our study suggests that the CuCo2O4 electrode can be a promising material as an efficient UOR catalyst for fuel cells to generate hydrogen at a low cost.

scholarly journals Production of Acetyl Cellulose from Agricultural Waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2725-2728
Author(s):  
S.D. Yuwono ◽  
D.A. Iryani ◽  
C. Gusti ◽  
Suharto ◽  
Buhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

In Indonesia especially in Lampung Province, there are a lot of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as an organic material waste. OPEFB is relatively inexpensive lignocellulose material as raw material of cellulose acetate or acetyl cellulose. In a business to bigger added value out of these natural renewable materials, the production of the acetyl cellulose was performed well by the acetylation of cellulose from OPEFB using different methods. These were extensively characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the acetyl cellulose resulted showed similar properties to cotton acetyl cellulose. Degree of substitution of the resultant acetyl cellulose from different methods was improved from 1.86 to 2.60.

scholarly journals PRODUKSI BIOETANOL DARI ALKALI-PRETREATMENT JERAMI PADI DENGAN PROSES SIMULTANEOUS SACHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION (SSF)

Konversi ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Iryanti Fatyasari Nata ◽  
Jody Hartoto Prayogo ◽  
Toni Arianto
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Alkali Pretreatment ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sacharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Ssf Process ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstrak- Jerami padi merupakan limbah pertanian yang mengandung 39% selulosa dan 27,5% hemiselulosa, jika dihidrolisis jerami padi dapat dikonversi menjadi gula sederhana selanjutnya difermentasi menjadi bioetanol.  Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pretreatment jerami padi dan kondisi operasi (jumlah enzim selulase dan Saccharomyces cereviseae) dalam produksi bioetanol dengan proses Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation (SSF). Proses delignifikasi dilakukan dengan cara merendam jerami padi yang sudah dihaluskan dengan 2% NaOH (w/v) pada suhu 85oC selama 1 jam. Jerami padi dikeringkan setelah pretreatmen yang sebelumnya dicuci sampai pH filtratnya netral. Selanjutnya jerami padi kering digunakan sebagai substrat dalam SSF dengan menggunakan enzim selulase (20, 30 dan 40 FPU) dan S. Cerevisiae ( 2, 4 dan 6 ose) selama 3 hari dalam acetate buffer pH 5 serta penentuan konsentrasi etanol menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC). Dengan analisis Scanning Electrom Microscope (SEM) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), struktur permukaan yang rapi dan diselimuti oleh lignin menjadi kasar dan pecah yang diiringi dengan peningkatan struktur kristal sebesar 33,24% dari jerami padi setelah pretreatment dengan NaOH. Kadar bioetanol yang dihasilkan untuk 20 FPU, 30 FPU dan 40 FPU dengan kandungan S.Cerevisiae 2 ose berturut-turut adalah 0,45%, 0,44% dan 0,43%.  Dari variasi jumlah S. Cerevisiae 2,4 dan 6 ose dengan enzim selulase 20 FPU menghasikan bioetanol sebesar 0,45%, 0,46% dan 1,07%.  Kadar bioetanol yang dihasilkan dengan substrat yang di pretreatment dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi bioetanol sebesar 82,2% pada kondisi SSF yang sama. Pretreatment terhadap substrat memberikan efek terhadap produk SSF karena dengan penghilangan lignin akan memaksimalkan kerja enzime selulase mengkonversi sellulosa menjadi glukosa.  Kata Kunci : Jerami padi, delignifikasi, bioetanol, SSFAbstract- Rice straw is an agricultural waste which contains 39% cellulose and 27.5% hemicelluloses. Rice straw can be converted into bio ethanol by Simultaneous Saccharification Fermentation (SSF) process.  The aims of this research are to investigate the influence of rice straw pretreatment and operation condition (number of cellulose enzyme and Saccharomyces cereviseae) for bioethanol production. The bioethanol conversion was devided by 2 steps, there were delignification and SSF. Delignification process was done by soak rice straw in NaOH 2% heated at temperature 85 oC for 1 hour then washed with water. The pretreatment rice straw was used as substrate in SSF. SSF was conducted in the presence of cellulase enzyme (20, 30, and 40 FPU) and Sacharomyces Cerevisiae (2,4 and 6 ose) for 3 days. The bioethanol concentration produced for 20 FPU, 30 FPU, and 40 FPU in 2 ose S.careviseae are 0,45%, 0,44%, and 0,43%  respectively. The addition number of Saccharomyces cereviseae was gave high concentration of bioethanol. The result shown that bioethanol concentration of 2 ose, 4 ose and 6 ose are 0,45%, 0,46% and 1,07%, respectively. In the same concentration of enzyme (20 FPU) which pretreatment and non pretretament substrate was increased of bioethanol concentration up to 82,2%. The pretretment process was broken the structure of lignin and made enzyme easy to attached cellulose and converted to glucose. Keywords : Rice straw, delignification, bioethanol, SSF

scholarly journals Utilization of cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) twigs and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse agricultural waste for cellulose acetate production by environmentally friendly approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Maryana ◽  
Muryanto Muryanto ◽  
Eka Triwahyuni ◽  
Oktaviani Oktaviani ◽  
Hafiizh Prasetia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Thermal Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermal Gravimetric ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the extraction of cellulose acetate (CA) from cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron) twigs and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse using an environmentally friendly method. At first, cellulose was extracted from cajuput twigs (CT) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) through prehydrolysis followed by soda (NaOH) pulping and elementary chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching. Later, the extracted cellulose was acetylated using iodine (I) as a catalyst. The obtained CA was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. FTIR and NMR analysis proved the replacement of free OH (hydroxyl) groups by acetyl groups. The degree of substitution (DS) showed the acetylation capability of cellulose extracted from CT and SB as well. The cellulose diameter and its crystallinity index were measured by SEM and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal gravimetric analysis showed that CA extracted from CT and SB was thermal resistance. Therefore, CT and SB could be potential alternative resources for CA production using the mentioned method.

Chalcogenide glasses Ge–Sn–Se, Ge–Se–Te, and Ge–Sn–Se–Te for infrared optical fibers

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Haruvi-Busnach ◽  
J. Dror ◽  
N. Croitoru
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Chalcogenide Glasses ◽  
Glass Composition ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
Maximum Power Density ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ftir Spectrometry

Chalcogenide glasses of the systems Ge–Sn–Se, Ge–Se–Te, and Ge–Sn–Se–Te have been prepared. Several compositions were found suitable for drawing fibers for CO2 laser radiation (λ = 10.6 μm) transmission. The glasses were characterized by x-ray diffraction, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), SEM with EDX analysis, FTIR spectrometry, density, and microhardness measurements. The glass transition temperature and microhardness of Ge–Se–Sn and Ge–Sn–Se–Te glasses decreased with increasing Sn content, for most of the samples. The region of high IR transparency of Ge–Se–Sn, Ge–Se–Te, and Ge–Sn–Se–Te glasses was slightly expanded (1–2 μm) toward longer wavelengths, compared to Ge–Se glasses, mainly for the glasses containing 70 at.% Se. The intensity of the impurity absorption peak of Ge–O (at λ ∼ 12.8 μm), which usually appears in Ge–Se glasses, was reduced or absent in Ge–Sn–Se–Te glasses. The best fibers were produced with the glass composition Ge–0.8Sn0.2Se3.5Te0.5. An attenuation of 20 dB/m at 10.6 μm, and a transmitted maximum power density of 2.4 ⊠ 106 W/m2 were measured. The mechanical and optical characteristics of these glasses have been related to the glasses structure. Corresponding to the reduced masses of the bonds formed in the Ge–Sn–Se–Te system (in the amorphous region), it is expected that the multiphonon edge is slightly shifted. As a consequence, as was measured, the transparency region has been expanded by less than 2 μm toward longer wavelengths.

scholarly journals Dielectric properties of BNT-xBT prepared by hydrothermal process

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natheer B. Mahmood ◽  
Emad K. Al-Shakarchi
Keyword(s):  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Rhombohedral Structure ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depolarization Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ceramic Disc

The BNT ceramic sample might be a good replacement for PZT piezoelectric in industrial applications, especially in energy harvesting from crystal vibrations. In order to enhance the performance of BNT ceramic, the solid solution was chosen by substitution with Ba[Formula: see text] at Morphtropic Phase Boundary (MPB). The BNT-[Formula: see text]BT powders with [Formula: see text], 0.07, 0.06 and 0 were prepared by the hydrothermal method with average particle size (65–150[Formula: see text]nm) at (90[Formula: see text]C/72[Formula: see text]h). The ceramic disc was sintered at (1150[Formula: see text]C/4[Formula: see text]h) and showed excellent relative density of about 96%. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the MPB for [Formula: see text] and 0.07, while the BNT had a rhombohedral structure and BT had a tetragonal structure. The dielectric measurements showed that BNT, BNT-7BT, BNT-6BT behave as the relaxator ferroelectric and showed a strong dependence on frequency, especially in the MPB region while BT behaves as a normal ferroelectric. Both the Curie temperature and depolarization temperature decrease at the MPB region and showed strong dependency on frequency.

scholarly journals Morphology and Structure of Electrodeposited Prussian Blue and Prussian White Thin Films

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Baggio ◽  
Cristiano Vicente ◽  
Silvia Pelegrini ◽  
Cristiani Plá Cid ◽  
Iuri Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prussian Blue ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Blue Phases ◽  
Transition Voltage

The compound Prussian Blue (PB), and its reduced form Prussian White (PW) are nowadays considered, in applied and fundamental research groups, as potential materials for sustainable energy storage devices. In this work, these compounds were prepared by potentiostatic electrochemical synthesis, by using different deposition voltages and thicknesses. Thick, compact and uniform layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Results have shown a well-defined transition voltage for growing Prussian Blue phases and a strong dependence of the morphology/growing orientation of the samples as a function of applied potential and thickness. For the negative potential tested of −0.10 V vs. SCE, a mixture of cubic and rhombohedral phases was observed.

scholarly journals Reactive Mechanism of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Thin Films Prepared by Reactive Annealing of the Cu/Zn Metal Layer in a SnSex + Se Atmosphere

Crystals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyong Yao ◽  
Jianping Ao ◽  
Ming-Jer Jeng ◽  
Jinlian Bi ◽  
Shoushuai Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) thin films were prepared by a two-step process with the electrodeposition of a Cu/Zn metallic stack precursor followed by a reactive anneal under a Se + Sn containing atmosphere. We investigate the effect of the Sex and SnSex (x = 1,2) partial pressures and annealing temperature on the morphological, structural, and elemental distribution of the CZTSe thin films. Line scanning energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements show the presence of a Zn-rich secondary phase at the back-absorber region of the CZTSe thin films processed with higher SnSex partial pressure and lower annealing temperatures. The Zn-rich phase can be reduced by lowering the SnSex partial pressure and by increasing the annealing temperature. A very thin MoSe2 film between the CZTSe and Mo interface is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements. These measurements indicate a strong dependence of these process variations in secondary phase formation and accumulation. A possible reaction mechanism of CZTSe thin films was presented. In a preliminary optimization of both the SnSex partial pressure and the reactive annealing process, a solar cell with 7.26% efficiency has been fabricated.

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