scholarly journals Comparative secretomics and functional analysis of effectors utilized by the Microbotryum genus of anther-smut fungal pathogens, and their role in host-specificity.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Beckerson
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Anther Smut

scholarly journals Functional analysis of host-specificity mutants inEscherichia coli

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Restriction Enzyme ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Inescherichia Coli ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Specific Modification ◽  
Specific Restriction ◽  
Modification Enzyme

SUMMARYEvidence from a functional analysis of host-specificity mutants in merodiploids is presented which supports the suggestion that three genes,hss, hsrandhsm, are necessary for the expression of host-controlled restriction and modification. The host-specificity phenotype expressed by the merodiploids provides evidence that at least two genes,hssandhsr, are concerned in the expression of host-specific restriction of DNA and one of these genes,hss, is responsible for the strain specificity of the restriction enzyme. A class of modification-deficient mutants isolated from restriction-deficient, modification-proficient mutants, was also tested for complementation in merodiploids and the phenotype of these merodiploids provides evidence that at least two genes,hssandhsm, are concerned in the expression of host-specific modification of DNA and one of these genes,hss, is responsible for the strain specificity of the modification enzyme. How these three genes function at the molecular level is discussed in terms of models based on the interaction of subunits to form oligomeric enzymes.

scholarly journals Investigation of host-specificity of phytopathogenic fungi isolated from woody plants

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Andrea Zabiák ◽  
Györk Milán Károlyi ◽  
Erzsébet Sándor
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
New Host ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
New Hosts

Host-specificity is an important characteristic of fungal pathogens. Changing climate could create more appropriate environmental conditions for phytopathogens, thus formerly host-specify fungi could be able to colonize new hosts. Noxious plant pathogen fungi, which can infect several plant species are well-known worldwide. These genera may expand their range of hosts because of the appearance in new geographic areas due to climate change. This new exposure can result in serious problems in agriculture because of the lack of immunity. The susceptibility of apple tree was studied through testing pathogenicity in vitro with species isolated from walnut twigs and nuts, and identified by ITS sequences. Three of four tested species, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diaporthe eres and Diplodia seriata colonized and necrotized the infected apple branches, while Juglanconis juglandina was not able to infect the twigs. Members of Botryosphaeriaceae were the most virulent, causing the largest lesions in the fastest way. This experiment draws attention to the threat of new host-pathogen connections, which can arise because of the favourable weather conditions and can spread between neighbouring cultures. 

scholarly journals Genomic Characterization Reveals Insights Into Patulin Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Penicillium Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boqiang Li ◽  
Yuanyuan Zong ◽  
Zhenglin Du ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Zhanquan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Pathogenic Genes ◽  
Genomic Characterization

Penicillium species are fungal pathogens that infect crop plants worldwide. P. expansum differs from P. italicum and P. digitatum, all major postharvest pathogens of pome and citrus, in that the former is able to produce the mycotoxin patulin and has a broader host range. The molecular basis of host-specificity of fungal pathogens has now become the focus of recent research. The present report provides the whole genome sequence of P. expansum (33.52 Mb) and P. italicum (28.99 Mb) and identifies differences in genome structure, important pathogenic characters, and secondary metabolite (SM) gene clusters in Penicillium species. We identified a total of 55 gene clusters potentially related to secondary metabolism, including a cluster of 15 genes (named PePatA to PePatO), that may be involved in patulin biosynthesis in P. expansum. Functional studies confirmed that PePatL and PePatK play crucial roles in the biosynthesis of patulin and that patulin production is not related to virulence of P. expansum. Collectively, P. expansum contains more pathogenic genes and SM gene clusters, in particular, an intact patulin cluster, than P. italicum or P. digitatum. These findings provide important information relevant to understanding the molecular network of patulin biosynthesis and mechanisms of host-specificity in Penicillium species. Ballester et al. ( MPMI-09-14-0261-FI ) reported similar results and conclusions in MPMI's March 2015 Focus Issue.

scholarly journals Understanding Adaptation, Coevolution, Host Specialization, and Mating System in Castrating Anther-Smut Fungi by Combining Population and Comparative Genomics

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 431-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny E. Hartmann ◽  
Ricardo C. Rodríguez de la Vega ◽  
Fantin Carpentier ◽  
Pierre Gladieux ◽  
Amandine Cornille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Anther Smut

Anther-smut fungi provide a powerful system to study host–pathogen specialization and coevolution, with hundreds of Microbotryum species specialized on diverse Caryophyllaceae plants, castrating their hosts through manipulation of the hosts’ reproductive organs to facilitate disease transmission. Microbotryum fungi have exceptional genomic characteristics, including dimorphic mating-type chromosomes, that make this genus anexcellent model for studying the evolution of mating systems and their influence on population genetics structure and adaptive potential. Important insights into adaptation, coevolution, host specialization, and mating system evolution have been gained using anther-smut fungi, with new insights made possible by the recent advent of genomic approaches. We illustrate with Microbotryum case studies how using a combination of comparative genomics, population genomics, and transcriptomics approaches enables the integration of different evolutionary perspectives across different timescales. We also highlight current challenges and suggest future studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive processes in populations of fungal pathogens.

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