scholarly journals Water Requirements of Crops under Various Kc Coefficient Approaches by Using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 739-748
Author(s):  
Abu Baker A. Najm ◽  
Isam M. Abdulhameed ◽  
Sadeq O. Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Broad Bean ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Bean Crop ◽  
Water Evaluation And Planning

In this study, the Dual-Kc approach within FAO-56 paper was applied by water evaluation and planning (WEAP) to get the Kc parameters (Kcb and Ke) and to calculate the water requirement for various soil textures. The results compared with the outputs of Single-Kc approach for summer and winter crops in addition to trees. The results showed when applying Dual-Kc approach, the water requirements was more compared with the Single-Kc approach, except the tomato, eggplant, and Broad bean crop, which decreased by 5%, 4%, and 17% respectively. Also, there was a different in values of coefficient when compare two approaches, it was increased in Dual-Kc approach for wheat by 62% with 20% during initial and end-stage while ranged between 26-58% for trees during all season with more different for other winter and summer crops. The water requirement of crops was different according to soil texture. The net water requirement of wheat was 429 mm and 433 mm for sandy loam and clay loam respectively, with different in irrigation intervals 11 and 12 respectively, while the silt loam was recording water requirement 417 mm with 8 irrigation intervals.

Influence of Various Soil Properties on the Adsorption and Desorption of ICIA-0051 in Five Soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Wilson ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Freundlich Equation ◽  
General Order ◽  
Highly Correlated

The soil organic matter and/or humic matter fraction was highly correlated with the adsorption of ICIA-0051 herbicide onto five soils; clay content and other soil factors were less correlated. The Freundlich equation was used to describe the adsorption of ICIA-0051 by the various soils. Based on the K constants, the general order for adsorption for each soil was Hyde silty clay loam > Frederick silt loam > Davidson clay = Bojac sandy loam > Appling loamy sand. Across all soils, 25 to 50% of the amount adsorbed was removed by two desorptions. Appling, Bojac, and Davidson soils retained less herbicide after two desorptions than did Frederick and Hyde.

Persistence and Movement of Sethoxydim Residues in Three Minnesota Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Kathryn M. Reynolds ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Brian L. Barber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dimethyl Ester ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Flame Photometric Detector ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Pentanedioic Acid

The persistence and movement of sethoxydim residues were determined in the top 45 cm of an Estherville sandy loam (sl), Port Byron silt loam (sil), and Webster clay loam (cl) in the field. Analysis of sethoxydim residues simultaneously quantified parent and eight metabolites by conversion to a common volatile end product, 3-[2(ethylsulfonyl)propyl]-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester, followed by analysis using gas chromatography (GC) and a flame photometric detector. Recovery of residues from soil spiked with 100 μg kg-1was 86 ± 21%. Residues remaining in soil 21 days after treatment (DAT) in 1989 were 37, 51, and 29% of the applied sethoxydim in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, 86, 52, and 24% remained in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Alachlor remaining 21 DAT in 1989 was 66, 52, and 65% of that applied in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, it was 16, 13, and 100% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Atrazine had the greatest % of applied chemical remaining 21 DAT in 1989: 100, 71, and 73% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. of the atrazine applied in 1990, atrazine remaining 21 DAT was 87% in the sl, 42% in the sil, and 100% in the cl. Over all soils and years, the amount of total sethoxydim residues remaining 137 DAT was the least of the three herbicides. In terms of leaching, sethoxydim residues showed least movement, with minimal detections below 0 to 15 cm. Although sethoxydim appears to be advantageous over alachlor and atrazine in terms of potential impact on ground water quality, additional information regarding composition of the detected residues is needed to better assess its environmental impact.

Simulating the vertical transition of soil textural layers in north-western China with a Markov chain model

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danfeng Li ◽  
Ming'an Shao
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Textural Type ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

The heterogeneity of textures in soil profiles is important for quantifying the movement of water and solutes through soil. Soil-profile textures to a depth of 300 cm were investigated at 100 sites in a 100-km2 area in the central region of the Heihe River system, where oases coexist with widespread deserts and wetland. The probability distribution of textural-layer thickness was quantified. The vertical transition of the soil textural layers was characterised by a Markov chain–log-normal distribution (MC-LN) model based on the probability of one textural type transitioning to another. Nine types of textural layers were observed: sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, and clay. Sand was the most frequent in the profiles, whereas silt loam and clay were rare. The layers of sand and silty clay were relatively thick, and the layers of loam and clay were relatively thin. The coefficients of variation ranged from 36–87%, indicating moderate variation in the layer thickness of each textural type. The soil profile was characterised as a log-normal distribution. A χ2 test verified the Markov characteristic and the stability of the vertical change of soil textural layers. Realisations of the soil textural profiles were generated by the MC-LN model. A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the simulated mean layer thickness of each textural type agreed well with the corresponding field observations. Element values of the transition probability matrix of the textural layers simulated by the MC-LN model deviated <12.6% from the measured values, excluding the data from the layers of clay and silt loam. The main combinations of upper to lower textural layers in the study area were loamy sand and sand (or sandy loam), sandy loam and sand (or loamy sand and loam), loam and clay loam, clay loam (or silty clay) and silty clay loam, and silty clay loam and silty clay. The MC-LN model was able to accurately quantify the vertical changes of textures in the soil profiles. This study will aid in quantification of water and solute transport in soils with vertical heterogeneity of soil textural layers.

Influence of soil texture on snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Litong Zhao ◽  
D. M. Gray ◽  
B. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Frozen Soils

This paper describes the influence of soil texture on snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils. Field data collected on frozen, unsaturated agricultural soils of the Canadian Prairies during snow ablation demonstrate: (a) poor association between the amount of infiltration of meltwater released by the seasonal snowcover and soil texture, and (b) small differences in cumulative amounts among soils of widely different textures. A physics-based numerical simulation of heat and mass transfers with phase changes in frozen soils is used to study the mechanics of the infiltration process in representative clay, silty clay loam, silt loam and sandy loam soils. The results of the simulations show that the differences among cumulative snowmelt infiltration into clay, silty clay loam and silt loam soils after 24 h of continuous infiltration are small. Infiltration into a lighter-textured sandy loam after 24 h was on average 23% higher than in the other three soils with most of the increase occurring in the first 5 h of the simulation. Key Words: Soil texture, snowmelt, infiltration, frozen soils

Fertilizer nitrogen addition to winter wheat crops in England: comparison of farm practices with recommendations allowing for soil nitrogen supply

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Wilson ◽  
K. L. Moore ◽  
A. D. Rochford ◽  
L. V. Vaidyanathan
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYMeasurements were made during 1987/88 on 20 winter wheat crops grown in Essex, four on each of five soil types – sandy loam, sandy silt loam, silt loam, calcareous clay loam and clay loam – where winter wheat, dried peas, winter faba beans or winter oilseed rape was the previous crop in 1986/87. The sites had a wide range of soil mineral N (SNS), 40–198 kg/ha N, as NH4 plus NO3, in the 0–90 cm soil profile. Optimum grain yield and fertilizer N could not be estimated but yields measured in the absence of fertilizer N enabled evaluation of the use of SNS on its own and the response to fertilizer N (187 ± 32 kg/ha). For crops receiving fertilizer N, each tonne of grain was associated with 35kg of total available N in the soil profile (SNS + fertilizer N); a little over 63% of this N was found in the above-ground parts of the crops at harvest. Fertilizer N requirement was predicted as:Fertilizer N needed (kg/ha) = [35 × predicted grain yield (t/ha)]–SNS (kg/ha)An arbitrary assumption of 8 t/ha grain for every site (fortuitously the same as the average of 8·07t/ha measured in crops given fertilizer N) showed that differences between added and predicted amounts of N differed by c. 30 kg/ha for only seven of the 20 sites, mostly because of large SNS or yields much less than 8 t/ha. Measuring SNS and using the formula would be justified in the majority of winter wheat crops, provided reliable yield estimates could be made in time.

Effect of Soil and Climate on Herbicide Dissipation

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
C. R. Fenster ◽  
G. A. Wicks ◽  
J. V. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Herbicide Residues ◽  
Herbicide Residue

The persistence of five herbicides in six soils across Nebraska can be ranked from greatest to least as follows: 5-bromo-3-isopropyl-6-methyluracil (isocil) at 5 and 25 1b/A, 2-chloro-4,6-bis-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (propazine) at 3 and 9 1b/A, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) at 3 and 9 1b/A, trichlorobenzyl chloride (hereinafter referred to as TCBC) at 7 and 49 1b/A, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxyl-1-methylurea (linuron) at 3 and 9 1b/A. Soil texture differences (sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam) had a greater influence on herbicide residue carryover than did climatic differences across Nebraska during 1962 to 1968. Soil carryover of herbicide residues was greater in coarse rather than fine-textured soils and in the drier regions of western than in eastern Nebraska. Leaching of herbicides into the soil profile was an avenue of herbicide dissipation.

Sorption and Desorption of Imazethapyr and 5-Hydroxyimazethapyr in Minnesota Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianying Gan ◽  
Monte R. Weimer ◽  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plant Metabolite

Laboratory batch equilibrium studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption-desorption behavior of imazethapyr and its major plant metabolite, 5-hydroxyimazethapyr, in three Minnesota soils. Sorption of both compounds on all soils was low, and pH did not significantly influence sorption in the range of 4,8 to 7.1. Less 5-hydroxyimazethapyr was sorbed than imazethapyr on the same soil. Once sorbed, both compounds were only partially desorbable from all soils. Significant hysteresis and formation of nonextractable residues indicate that the small amount of chemical sorbed is bound to selective surfaces with strong bonds. Webster clay loam had greater irreversibility than Waukegen silt loam and Estherville sandy loam soil. The hysteresis observed in desorption may be responsible for the difference between mobility estimations made from laboratory sorption studies and the limited mobility observed in field experiments.

scholarly journals NITRIFICATION STUDIES WITH SOIL TYPES IN NORTHERN PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-103
Author(s):  
Juan Amedee Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam

Experimental results have been reported on the nitrification rate of nine soil types from Northern Puerto Rico classified as: Catalina clay, Catalina clay level phase, Coto clay light texture phase, Espinosa clay, Lares clay loam, Mucara silty clay loam, Mucara silt loam, Sabana Seca clay and Toa silt loam. The various soil types are represented by twenty-one different soil samples. Some experimental data is also reported for a soil type from New Jersey classified as Sassafras sandy loam.

scholarly journals Geoaccumulation and Ecological Risk Indexes in Papaya Cultivation Due to the Presence of Trace Metals

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Isabel Araceli Amaro-Espejo ◽  
María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez ◽  
Joaquín Murguía-González ◽  
Fabiola Lango-Reynoso ◽  
Karina Patricia Bañuelos-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Geoaccumulation Index ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of heavy metals on Maradol papaya cultivation soil, through the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and the ecological potential risk index (RI). Soil samples from 15 locations in the Cotaxtla municipality of Veracruz, Mexico were tested for pH, soil texture, and concentrations of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and organic matter (MO). The pH varied between values of 5.5 ± 0.10 and 7.7 ± 0.22, while the MO varied from 1.57% ± 0.97% to 13.1% ± 1.342%. The type of soil texture represented 48% sandy loam, 40% loam, 8% clay loam, and 4% silt-loam. For heavy metals, average levels were found in the following order Cr (0.695 ± 0.018) > Zn (0.615 ± 0.016) > Pb (0.323 ± 0.012) > Cu (0.983 ± 0.011) > Cd (0.196 ± 0.011) mg kg−1. The Igeo values from 96% of the analyzed sampling points were below zero and were considered uncontaminated. The other 4% of samples, from the Potrerillo1 (PT) site, had Igeo values of 1.13, where the highest concentration of Cd was found, which indicates moderate contamination levels. The RI index at the PT site was in the category of moderate contamination, and the rest of the points correspond to the category of low pollution.

scholarly journals Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Soil Detachment Capacities of Three Loamy Soils on the Loess Plateau of China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Jian Lu ◽  
Baoyang Sun ◽  
Feipeng Ren ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Xiyun Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Freeze Thaw Cycle ◽  
Different Soils

Soil detachment is the initial phase of soil erosion and is of great significance to study in seasonal freeze-thaw regions. In order to elucidate the effects mechanism of freeze-thaw cycles on soil detachment capacity of different soils, a sandy loam, a silt loam, and a clay loam were subjected to 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 freeze-thaw cycles before they were scoured. The results revealed that with increased freeze-thaw cycles, soil bulk density and water-stable aggregates content decreased after the first few times and then kept nearly stable after about 10 cycles, especially for sandy loam. The shear strength of all soils gradually decreased as freeze-thaw cycles increased, except the values of clay loam increased subsequent to the 5th and 15th cycles. After the 20th cycle, the degree of decline of silt loam was the greatest (77.72%), followed by sandy loam (63.18%) and clay loam (39.77%). The soil organic matter of clay loam was much greater than silt loam and sandy loam and all significantly increased after freeze-thaw. Soil detachment capacity of silt loam and sandy loam was positively correlated with freeze-thaw cycle, which was contrary to findings for clay loam. The values of clay loam increased at first and then decreased during the cycles, reaching minimum values at about the 15–20th cycle. After the 20th cycle, the values of sandy loam and silt loam significantly increased 1.62 and 4.74 times over unfrozen, respectively, which was greater than clay loam (0.53 times). A nonlinear regression analysis indicated that the soil detachment capacity of silt loam could be estimated well by soil properties (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.05). This study can provide references for the study of the soil erosion mechanism in seasonal freeze-thaw regions.

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