scholarly journals Gender Wage Gap in the Czech Republic and Central European Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Mysíková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European

scholarly journals The Attractiveness of Selected Central European Countries for Winter Sports and Mountain Hiking

Turyzm ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Kinga Krzesiwo ◽  
Kamila Ziółkowska-Weiss ◽  
Michał Żemła
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Winter Sports ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
Downhill Skiing ◽  
Visegrad Group

Abstract Hiking, downhill skiing and snowboarding are among the most popular forms of active tourism in mountainous areas. Their popularity and their mass scale do not only result from the presence of the appropriate landscape, but also from its appropriate development. The objective of the article is to attempt to assess the attractiveness of selected Central European countries in terms of winter sports and mountain hiking, to consider the opinions of students who live in Visegrad Group countries, as well as to evaluate the barriers to development of their competitive offers. According to respondents, the most attractive countries for winter sports are Austria and Slovakia, and the least attractive are Hungary, Romania and Lithuania. In turn, according to the students, the best conditions for mountain hiking are in Slovakia, Austria, the Czech Republic and Poland. In addition, respondents from particular countries assessed domestic offers highly.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium bovis in human population in four Central European countries during 1990–1999

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pavlik ◽  
W. Yayo Ayele ◽  
M. Havelkova ◽  
M. Svejnochova ◽  
V. Katalinic-Jankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Central European ◽  
The 1960S

A survey on Mycobacterium bovis and M.&nbsp;tuberculosis in humans has been performed in four Central European countries (Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Slovenia) during the years 1990 to 1999. These countries cover an area of 204 688 km<sup>2</sup> with 22 135 million population. During the period, new cases of tuberculosis were bacteriologically diagnosed in 47 516 patients. M.&nbsp;tuberculosis was detected in 47 461 (99.88%) cases, whereas M.&nbsp;bovis was found only in 55 (0.12%) patients. The rate of infection due to M.&nbsp;bovis in humans did not exceed 0.29% in the study countries. The annual incidence of bacteriological confirmed M.&nbsp;bovis cases did not exceed 0.1 per 100&nbsp;000 inhabitants. In the Czech Republic out of 44 tuberculosis patients due to M.&nbsp;bovis, 32 (72.7%) were older than 61&nbsp;years and originated from rural areas, where they lived during childhood and worked in agricultural occupations. These patients may have suffered a reactivation of persistent (long-standing) M.&nbsp;bovis infection as they got older. Bovine tuberculosis in cattle was eliminated from these countries during the second half of the 1960s (Croatia in 1966, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic &ndash; former Czechoslovakia in 1968, Slovenia in 1973) and the incidence of outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis in cattle were very low, thus the disease in humans was unexpected.

scholarly journals Forming Professional Competency of Education Managers in Central European Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Oksana Tovkanets
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
School Management ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Professional Competency ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
Education Managers

Abstract The article deals with the problem of forming education managers’ professional competency in the context of European integration educational processes. The peculiarities of education managers’ competences as well as directions of their professional training in motivational, cognitive and metacognitive spheres have been theoretically justified. The performed analysis of curricula in higher education institutions of Central European countries has proved their use of the complex approach to forming professional competences of education managers. The author has revealed the peculiarities of education managers’ professional training while mastering accredited specialized courses in School Management in the Centre for Lifelong Education at Faculty of Education at Palacký University in Olomouc, the Czech Republic; a Bachelor’s degree in Education Specialization (School Management) at Charles University in Prague, the Czech Republic; in the context of the project launched by the European Social Fund (EFS) called “The Development of Education Managers’ Competences in Schools and Educational Institutions in the Hradec Králové Region – the Model of Professional Education”, the Czech Republic. It has been concluded that higher education institutions of Central European countries focus on the development of pedagogical and managerial competencies. It has been highlighted that the complication of training content and the modernization of disciplines will allow to form thinking and actions of education managers as comprehensively educated specialists able to successfully deal with professional tasks using their educational and intellectual potential.

Contested Constitutions

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper de Raadt
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Constitution Making

What were the effects of constitution-making procedures on the acceptance of the new “rules of the political game” in postcommunist Central Europe? This article sets out to scrutinise the increasingly popular claim among politicians and scholars of democratisation that inclusiveness and popular involvement in constitution-making processes enhance a constitution's legitimacy. The concept of constitutional conflict, referring to political contestation over the interpretation and application of constitutional relations among state institutions, is introduced as a way to assess constitutional acceptance among politicians. The investigation concentrates on constitutional conflict patterns during the five years following constitution-making in seven Central European countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Constitution-making procedures varied substantially among the cases, as did the intensity and timing of constitutional conflict. The article finds that differences in constitution-making procedures do not necessarily determine the legitimacy of constitutions among political elites. Instead, ambiguity on the allocation of formal competencies among political actors and increasing political tensions between pro-reform and anti-reform parties during the early 1990s proved to be more important triggers of constitutional conflict. Accordingly, studies on constitution-making and democratisation should focus less on procedural aspects and take into account the fuzziness of important constitutional provisions and the extent to which constitutions can survive periods of intense political polarisation.

Anti-Communist Justice and Founding the Post-Communist Order: Lustration and Restitution in Central Europe

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Appel
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
Secret Service ◽  
Soviet Russia

This article explores how ideas and beliefs shaped the development of programs of retrospective justice. By focusing on lustration, property restitution, and the declassification of secret service files in four central European countries, this article investigates the role of formalized anti-communist programs in the founding of the new political and economic order. After reviewing the development of anti-communist programs in East Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, the article examines the motivation behind these programs and the variation in approaches across countries. It then analyzes the implications of anti-communist programs for the creation of a post-communist national identity, and concludes with a discussion of the weak anti-communist programs in post-Soviet Russia.

scholarly journals Long-Term Residence Permit in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and the Republic of Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Markéta Bednářová ◽  
Eva Lásková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Foreign Student ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Residence Permit ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Individual

In all three Central European countries, long-term residence is defined as residence for a specific purpose of more than 90 days. The requirements for granting this type of residence are generally similar with differences in the individual types of purpose of this residence permit. The Polish Act contains a category that could be defined as ‘above-framework’, expanding the range of options that make it possible to obtain long-term residence. The Slovak legislation contains the purpose of “special activities”. In comparison with the Czech legislation, the range of possibilities for obtaining long-term residence in Slovakia is more extensive and less rigid. Specifically, in the case of long-term residence for the purpose of study, there is a fundamental difference in the legislation in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic, where Slovak legislators include in the term “study” all university, secondary, and higher vocational education. The Polish Act mentions only university studies and doctoral studies. The administration related to the admission of a foreign student to a specific school in the territory is certainly more extensive and demanding in Poland, with both the minister and the voivode enter the process beyond the framework of standard state administration bodies. The arrangement of the Act reveals a fundamental difference in Poland, where the sequence and logic of the arrangement is different to the Czech or Slovak legislation, which is expressed in which institutions Poland focus greater attention and emphasis or importance. None of the countries completely leaves the issue of visas for aliens from third countries unregulated. Although the legislation is identical in many respects, there are differences between individual institutions and the periods for which a visa can be issued. However, the issue of alien law is, at first sight, very extensive and content-intensive in all the above Central European countries, as evidenced by the length of the legislation itself, the complexity of individual institutions, and specific complexity of the provisions.

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